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Open problems in Image segmentation

Lack of benchmarks for agentic evidence-seeking in medical imaging1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it
Current benchmarks assess reasoning over preselected evidence rather than the ability to autonomously seek and integrate longitudinal imaging and clinical records.
- From Given to Gathered Evidence: Agentic Learning for Longitudinal Medical Reasoningraises · addresses
Scaling parameter-efficient fine-tuning for large medical models1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it
Neural data is costly and limited, making full fine-tuning or training from scratch impractical for large models in medical tasks like brain encoding.
- Scaling Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for Brain Encodingraises · addresses
Generating coherent gigapixel whole-slide images1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it
Existing histopathology generative models operate at patch scale, while clinical supervision and diagnoses operate at whole-slide level, creating a mismatch.
- BigCell: Generating Gigapixel Whole-Slide Imagesraises · addresses
Anatomically unsupported detail in generative super-resolution for CT1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it
Generative super-resolution can produce visually plausible but anatomically incorrect vascular structures in CT images.
- VascuSR: Iterative Anatomy-Aware Diffusion for CT Super-Resolutionraises · addresses
Frozen models unable to learn from deployment experience1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it
Deployed medical AI models are typically frozen, preventing them from adapting to new clinical evidence or updated guidelines.
- Frozen Models, Evolving Expertise: Model-Agnostic Learning from Deployment Experience for Multimodal Medical AIraises · addresses

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Topics in this field

image segmentation · volumetric · medical image395 papers61 this week
clinical reasoning · question answering · language models202 papers39 this week
radiology report generation · medical vision language · vision language models114 papers26 this week
patient history · clinical data · health records105 papers26 this week
eeg foundation models · electroencephalography eeg · eeg foundation150 papers24 this week
electrocardiogram ecg · electrocardiogram · ecgs141 papers15 this week

Topics in this field

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arXiv cs.CVOct 17
Learning from the Right Regions: Class-Conditioned Explanation Guidance for Medical Imaging
Zubair Faruqui, Rahul Dubey
Deep neural networks can achieve strong predictive performance in medical imaging while relying on regions unrelated to the predicted finding. Explanation-guided learning can address this problem, but multi-label classification introduces a key challenge: multiple abnormalities may coexist in an image, requiring each prediction to align with its corresponding spatial evidence. We propose a class-conditioned explanation-guided learning framework that constructs a separate explanation for each positive class and penalizes evidence outside its class-specific annotated regions. We instantiate the framework using Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) and evaluate it on 14 abnormalities using EfficientNet-B1, ViT-B/16, ViT-B/32, and Swin-B. Explanation guidance substantially improves annotation alignment across all architectures: All-Saliency Precision increases from 0.140 to 0.625, 0.052 to 0.551, 0.060 to 0.403, and 0.095 to 0.570, respectively. These improvements are accompanied by smaller, architecture-dependent changes in classification performance. Our results show that class-conditioned explanation guidance can substantially improve where multi-label classifiers…
PDF arXiv
arXiv cs.HCOct 16
Indirect Influences of Artificial Intelligence Advice on Complex Sepsis Treatment Decisions
Venkatesh Sivaraman, Joel Levin, Eric P. Mason, Victor Talisa, Suchi Saria +4
Sepsis is a major public health concern, and many sepsis patients die due to ineffective hemodynamic management. Artificial intelligence could support hemodynamic decisions, particularly in complex cases where conflicting information and comorbidities drive uncertainty and practice variation. However, these systems' real-world value depends on not just accuracy, but how they influence the quality of clinician decisions. We first retrospectively evaluated an AI system's recommendations in 6,928 sepsis patients, finding that they improved upon the original providers' decisions overall but had significantly worse performance in complex cases. We then conducted a pre-registered experiment with 228 US critical care physicians to test their use of this imperfect advice in six complex treatment decisions, using one of three advice types designed to vary reasoning autonomy. Participants given simple model recommendations overcame poor advice, choosing optimal treatments in 56.3% of decisions compared to 31.8% if they had always followed the recommendations. They also made significantly better decisions than those receiving a less prescriptive advice type (42.9%). Physicians selectively…
PDF arXiv
arXiv cs.CVOct 16
NV-Generate-Body: 3D Latent Diffusion Model forControllable Anatomy, Tumor, and Demographic Body Mask Synthesis
Can Zhao, Pengfei Guo, Dong Yang, Yufan He, Yucheng Tang +6
Curating large labeled CT datasets is expensive and constrained by patient privacy. We present NV-Generate-BodyMask, a 3D latent diffusion model that synthesizes whole-body CT segmentation masks with precise, joint control over organ anatomy, tumor burden, and patient demographics. The model operates in the compressed latent space of a frozen mask autoencoder, generating $256^3$ volumetric label maps conditioned on a 19-dimensional vector via Adaptive Group Normalization and cross-attention. A size-adaptive ROI loss with spatial halo weighting and a paired tumor injection pipeline enable accurate tumor size conditioning despite the scarcity of annotated tumor cases. Trained on 8,571 masks across 26 cohorts spanning 132 labels, the model achieves Spearman $ρ= 0.70$--$0.92$ for organ size, 85--100\% tumor recall for lung, pancreatic, colon, and bone lesions, and strong demographic alignment (BMI $ρ= 0.78$, sex-conditioned perfect prostate control).
PDF arXiv
arXiv cs.LGOct 16
GLOW: General Linear Models Optimized with Ward's Method
Matt Higger
Neuroimaging seeks brain regions whose imaging features correlate with variables of interest (e.g., diagnosis, age), usually via the General Linear Model (GLM). Region-Based Analysis dilutes or splits any effect that does not fill exactly one atlas region. Voxel-Based Analysis, with Cluster Extent Thresholding and Threshold-Free Cluster Enhancement built on it, fits a GLM per voxel and groups adjacent significant voxels. But neighboring voxels can share a statistic without sharing a GLM, which a per-voxel statistic cannot detect. GLOW (General Linear Models Optimized with Ward's method) instead builds a hierarchy of nested regions by greedily minimizing GLM error (provably a special case of Ward's clustering). Maximum-statistic (Westfall-Young) permutation controls family-wise error over all regions. Significance spreads to an effect's nested fragments and the regions containing it; a final pruning step seeks whole, pure effect extents. We plant synthetic effects of known extent and varying strength in Human Connectome Project (HCP) diffusion images and in white noise. Pruning delivers wholeness: GLOW returns a spatially consistent effect as one region on 57% of HCP trials, the…
PDF arXiv
arXiv cs.CVOct 16
The Collection of a Real-World, Large-Scale Dataset for Automated Skill Evaluation in Central Line Dressing Change
Ummey Tanin, Shannan K. Hamlin, Hsin-Mei Chen, Peizhu, Qian
Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) remain a major source of preventable morbidity and mortality in healthcare settings. Proper execution of the central line dressing change (CLDC) procedure is essential for infection prevention, yet current approaches to competency assessment rely primarily on manual ob- servation by clinical educators, making evaluation time-intensive, difficult to scale, and limited in consistency and granularity. These challenges highlight the need for AI-assisted skill evaluation methods that can support more objective, reproducible, and scalable assessment of clinical performance. However, progress in this area has been constrained by the lack of broad-scale, clinically grounded datasets for developing and evaluating such methods. In this work, we present the collection process of a large-scale video dataset for CLDC skill evaluation, comprising 365 recordings of registered nurses collected during the 2026 annual competency exam at Houston Methodist Hospital. Each video is paired with subtask-level temporal annotations and clinical performance assessments spanning 17 subtasks of the procedure. We describe the data collection and…
PDF arXiv
arXiv cs.CVOct 16
Beyond Multi-Stage Pipelines: A Label-Correlation Ensemble for Multi-Label Retinal Fundus Disease Classification
Md Asif Uddin, Jannatul Ferdous, Asif Islam, Zobaer Mahmud Zisan, Promit Ghosh +3
Retinal fundus images frequently carry more than one disease, and public fundus datasets are heterogeneous and severely long-tailed. Clinical triage suggests a staged design, in which a screening gate, a disease-group router and group-specific classifiers operate in sequence, but it is unclear whether this hierarchy earns its complexity. We present a controlled comparison of three architectures on a unified 39-target label space built from RFMiD 1.0, RFMiD 2.0 and ODIR-5K (12,652 images): (i) a three-stage gated cascade of eight models, (ii) a flat model with 39 independent sigmoid outputs, and (iii) a label-correlation model that replaces the flat linear head with 39 learned label queries and a two-layer transformer decoder. All three share one Swin-V2-B backbone, one preprocessing pipeline and one training protocol, so differences are attributable to the architecture. Staging offers no consistent advantage: tracing every missed disease instance to the stage that lost it shows that the two coarse gates discard 34.2% of true instances while the fine-grained classifiers lose only 6.7%, and the gates' hard zeros depress the cascade's macro-AUC to 0.747. Label-correlation modeling…
PDF arXiv

Papers

Topics in this field

image segmentation · volumetric · medical image395 papers61 this week
clinical reasoning · question answering · language models202 papers39 this week
radiology report generation · medical vision language · vision language models114 papers26 this week
patient history · clinical data · health records105 papers26 this week
eeg foundation models · electroencephalography eeg · eeg foundation150 papers24 this week
electrocardiogram ecg · electrocardiogram · ecgs141 papers15 this week

Active contributors · 90 days

Recent papers

All in Research →

arXiv cs.CVOct 17
Learning from the Right Regions: Class-Conditioned Explanation Guidance for Medical Imaging
Zubair Faruqui, Rahul Dubey
Deep neural networks can achieve strong predictive performance in medical imaging while relying on regions unrelated to the predicted finding. Explanation-guided learning can address this problem, but multi-label classification introduces a key challenge: multiple abnormalities may coexist in an image, requiring each prediction to align with its corresponding spatial evidence. We propose a class-conditioned explanation-guided learning framework that constructs a separate explanation for each positive class and penalizes evidence outside its class-specific annotated regions. We instantiate the framework using Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) and evaluate it on 14 abnormalities using EfficientNet-B1, ViT-B/16, ViT-B/32, and Swin-B. Explanation guidance substantially improves annotation alignment across all architectures: All-Saliency Precision increases from 0.140 to 0.625, 0.052 to 0.551, 0.060 to 0.403, and 0.095 to 0.570, respectively. These improvements are accompanied by smaller, architecture-dependent changes in classification performance. Our results show that class-conditioned explanation guidance can substantially improve where multi-label classifiers…
PDF arXiv
arXiv cs.HCOct 16
Indirect Influences of Artificial Intelligence Advice on Complex Sepsis Treatment Decisions
Venkatesh Sivaraman, Joel Levin, Eric P. Mason, Victor Talisa, Suchi Saria +4
Sepsis is a major public health concern, and many sepsis patients die due to ineffective hemodynamic management. Artificial intelligence could support hemodynamic decisions, particularly in complex cases where conflicting information and comorbidities drive uncertainty and practice variation. However, these systems' real-world value depends on not just accuracy, but how they influence the quality of clinician decisions. We first retrospectively evaluated an AI system's recommendations in 6,928 sepsis patients, finding that they improved upon the original providers' decisions overall but had significantly worse performance in complex cases. We then conducted a pre-registered experiment with 228 US critical care physicians to test their use of this imperfect advice in six complex treatment decisions, using one of three advice types designed to vary reasoning autonomy. Participants given simple model recommendations overcame poor advice, choosing optimal treatments in 56.3% of decisions compared to 31.8% if they had always followed the recommendations. They also made significantly better decisions than those receiving a less prescriptive advice type (42.9%). Physicians selectively…
PDF arXiv
arXiv cs.CVOct 16
NV-Generate-Body: 3D Latent Diffusion Model forControllable Anatomy, Tumor, and Demographic Body Mask Synthesis
Can Zhao, Pengfei Guo, Dong Yang, Yufan He, Yucheng Tang +6
Curating large labeled CT datasets is expensive and constrained by patient privacy. We present NV-Generate-BodyMask, a 3D latent diffusion model that synthesizes whole-body CT segmentation masks with precise, joint control over organ anatomy, tumor burden, and patient demographics. The model operates in the compressed latent space of a frozen mask autoencoder, generating $256^3$ volumetric label maps conditioned on a 19-dimensional vector via Adaptive Group Normalization and cross-attention. A size-adaptive ROI loss with spatial halo weighting and a paired tumor injection pipeline enable accurate tumor size conditioning despite the scarcity of annotated tumor cases. Trained on 8,571 masks across 26 cohorts spanning 132 labels, the model achieves Spearman $ρ= 0.70$--$0.92$ for organ size, 85--100\% tumor recall for lung, pancreatic, colon, and bone lesions, and strong demographic alignment (BMI $ρ= 0.78$, sex-conditioned perfect prostate control).
PDF arXiv
arXiv cs.LGOct 16
GLOW: General Linear Models Optimized with Ward's Method
Matt Higger
Neuroimaging seeks brain regions whose imaging features correlate with variables of interest (e.g., diagnosis, age), usually via the General Linear Model (GLM). Region-Based Analysis dilutes or splits any effect that does not fill exactly one atlas region. Voxel-Based Analysis, with Cluster Extent Thresholding and Threshold-Free Cluster Enhancement built on it, fits a GLM per voxel and groups adjacent significant voxels. But neighboring voxels can share a statistic without sharing a GLM, which a per-voxel statistic cannot detect. GLOW (General Linear Models Optimized with Ward's method) instead builds a hierarchy of nested regions by greedily minimizing GLM error (provably a special case of Ward's clustering). Maximum-statistic (Westfall-Young) permutation controls family-wise error over all regions. Significance spreads to an effect's nested fragments and the regions containing it; a final pruning step seeks whole, pure effect extents. We plant synthetic effects of known extent and varying strength in Human Connectome Project (HCP) diffusion images and in white noise. Pruning delivers wholeness: GLOW returns a spatially consistent effect as one region on 57% of HCP trials, the…
PDF arXiv
arXiv cs.CVOct 16
The Collection of a Real-World, Large-Scale Dataset for Automated Skill Evaluation in Central Line Dressing Change
Ummey Tanin, Shannan K. Hamlin, Hsin-Mei Chen, Peizhu, Qian
Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) remain a major source of preventable morbidity and mortality in healthcare settings. Proper execution of the central line dressing change (CLDC) procedure is essential for infection prevention, yet current approaches to competency assessment rely primarily on manual ob- servation by clinical educators, making evaluation time-intensive, difficult to scale, and limited in consistency and granularity. These challenges highlight the need for AI-assisted skill evaluation methods that can support more objective, reproducible, and scalable assessment of clinical performance. However, progress in this area has been constrained by the lack of broad-scale, clinically grounded datasets for developing and evaluating such methods. In this work, we present the collection process of a large-scale video dataset for CLDC skill evaluation, comprising 365 recordings of registered nurses collected during the 2026 annual competency exam at Houston Methodist Hospital. Each video is paired with subtask-level temporal annotations and clinical performance assessments spanning 17 subtasks of the procedure. We describe the data collection and…
PDF arXiv
arXiv cs.CVOct 16
Beyond Multi-Stage Pipelines: A Label-Correlation Ensemble for Multi-Label Retinal Fundus Disease Classification
Md Asif Uddin, Jannatul Ferdous, Asif Islam, Zobaer Mahmud Zisan, Promit Ghosh +3
Retinal fundus images frequently carry more than one disease, and public fundus datasets are heterogeneous and severely long-tailed. Clinical triage suggests a staged design, in which a screening gate, a disease-group router and group-specific classifiers operate in sequence, but it is unclear whether this hierarchy earns its complexity. We present a controlled comparison of three architectures on a unified 39-target label space built from RFMiD 1.0, RFMiD 2.0 and ODIR-5K (12,652 images): (i) a three-stage gated cascade of eight models, (ii) a flat model with 39 independent sigmoid outputs, and (iii) a label-correlation model that replaces the flat linear head with 39 learned label queries and a two-layer transformer decoder. All three share one Swin-V2-B backbone, one preprocessing pipeline and one training protocol, so differences are attributable to the architecture. Staging offers no consistent advantage: tracing every missed disease instance to the stage that lost it shows that the two coarse gates discard 34.2% of true instances while the fine-grained classifiers lose only 6.7%, and the gates' hard zeros depress the cascade's macro-AUC to 0.747. Label-correlation modeling…
PDF arXiv

Activity · 12 weeks

Coming with more sources: repos

Open problems in Image segmentation

Lack of benchmarks for agentic evidence-seeking in medical imaging1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it
Current benchmarks assess reasoning over preselected evidence rather than the ability to autonomously seek and integrate longitudinal imaging and clinical records.
- From Given to Gathered Evidence: Agentic Learning for Longitudinal Medical Reasoningraises · addresses
Scaling parameter-efficient fine-tuning for large medical models1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it
Neural data is costly and limited, making full fine-tuning or training from scratch impractical for large models in medical tasks like brain encoding.
- Scaling Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning for Brain Encodingraises · addresses
Generating coherent gigapixel whole-slide images1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it
Existing histopathology generative models operate at patch scale, while clinical supervision and diagnoses operate at whole-slide level, creating a mismatch.
- BigCell: Generating Gigapixel Whole-Slide Imagesraises · addresses
Anatomically unsupported detail in generative super-resolution for CT1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it
Generative super-resolution can produce visually plausible but anatomically incorrect vascular structures in CT images.
- VascuSR: Iterative Anatomy-Aware Diffusion for CT Super-Resolutionraises · addresses
Frozen models unable to learn from deployment experience1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it
Deployed medical AI models are typically frozen, preventing them from adapting to new clinical evidence or updated guidelines.
- Frozen Models, Evolving Expertise: Model-Agnostic Learning from Deployment Experience for Multimodal Medical AIraises · addresses

Named by an AI from these papers' abstracts.

Fields · AI · updated 1h ago

Image segmentation

Found by the topic model: image segmentation, clinical reasoning, eeg foundation models.

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