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All fields3156Multimodal434Frontier LLMs333Recursive self improvement272Inference & serving251Agents & indirect prompt injection207Neural operators201Robotics197Clinical reasoning186Evals139Forecasting time132Agents103Linear bandits97Computer vision73Voice AI60AI safety57All 32 fields

Open problems across fields

  • Dynamic model and policy routing for general-purpose AI1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it

    Balancing performance and computational cost across diverse tasks and modalities is critical for scalable AI systems.

    • Route Anything: A Study of Model and Policy Routing for General-Purpose AI Systemsraises · addresses
  • Cross-repository consistency in coding agents1 paper raises it · 0 address it

    Real-world software development often requires coordinated changes across interdependent repositories, which current agents struggle to maintain.

    • CrossSWE: Benchmarking Cross-Repository Joint Development for Coding Agentsraises
  • Efficient long-video generation with consistent quality1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it

    Real-time streaming video generation demands continuous output without quality degradation or camera drift.

    • Wave Forcing: Towards Speed-of-Light Streaming Video Generationraises · addresses
  • Local decision-making for reasoning compression1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it

    Reducing inference costs without sacrificing accuracy requires models to know when to stop reasoning.

    • Think Less, Locally: Local Preference Learning for Reasoning Compressionraises · addresses
  • Unified taxonomy and coordination for agentic systems1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it

    Fragmented terminology and rapid growth in agentic systems hinder systematic understanding and collaboration.

    • Advances in Agentic Computer Graphicsraises · addresses

Named by an AI from these papers' abstracts.

Papers

  • arXiv cs.AIOct 4▲ 3

    A Safe Action Is Not Enough: Feasible-Future Decoding for Vision-Language-Action Policies

    Tu Nguyen, Matthieu Zimmer, Vu Anh Vu, Ziyi Wang, Jannik Hammel Nielsen +2

    A safe action is not necessarily a viable one. A frozen vision-language-action (VLA) policy can favor a locally admissible move that leaves no policy-supported route to safe task completion. We call this the feasibility-likelihood gap: likelihood ranks the next move, while feasibility depends on the futures it leaves open. To bring those futures into the decision, we derive the exact next-block marginal of the history-conditioned policy-environment trajectory law restricted to safe task completion. The derivation reveals a candidate-dependent feasible-future mass: its support records whether safe completion remains possible under the frozen continuation process, while its magnitude measures how much weighted safe-completion mass remains. Since exact evaluation is impractical online, we develop a selective finite-candidate approximation and establish conditions for recovering the best retained viable candidate. Our alarm-triggered, training-free reranker VICS-G lowers mean cumulative safety cost by 1.9%-57.5% across six Safety-CHORES settings while remaining within 2.5 percentage points of policy sampling in success and 0.82 steps in mean episode length. Our approach offers a…

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  • arXiv cs.CROct 4

    Blocking at the Boundary: Auditing Long-Horizon Agents against Staged Prompt Injection

    Jingkai Liu, Yufei Han, Xiaoting Lyu, Wei Wang, Ting Yu

    Long-horizon agents consume external content, invoke tools, and modify persistent state. Indirect prompt injection can exploit task-specific context, propagate across causally connected stages, and alter a consequential action while the workflow continues; we term this staged prompt injection. We build an automated, feedback-guided attack generation pipeline and apply it to Claude Code and Codex in their native runtimes. The confirmed attacks span eight workflow scenarios, seven attack goals, and six injection surfaces, showing that production agents are vulnerable to context-aware, multi-step injection over long horizons. Stopping such attacks requires a decision before each consequential action: input screening and completed-run evaluation cannot locate the intervention point, and existing pre-action methods use incompatible units and labels. We therefore formulate boundary action auditing: given initial context, a trajectory prefix, and a fully specified pending message or tool call, an auditor predicts Pass or Block before its effect occurs. Pairing attacked and benign executions yields a 479-pair, 3,112-unit benchmark. We further propose Path-Aligned Attribution (PAA), a…

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  • arXiv cs.AIAgentsOct 4▲ 62

    Memadapter: Counterfactual Adaptation Against Memory-induced Sycophancy

    Ruqing Ning, Haibo Meng, Zhishang Xiang, Zerui Chen, Jinsong Su +2

    Long-term memory enables LLM-based agents to retain and reuse information across tasks and sessions, supporting personalization and long-horizon interactions. However, persistent memories can also induce sycophancy, causing agents to over-align with users' historical beliefs even when they are inaccurate, outdated, or inconsistent with objective evidence. Existing mitigation methods assume that memory-induced sycophancy originates from biased or incorrect memories and attempt to reduce this risk by filtering such memories at different stages of the memory pipeline. However, in the real world, objective and correct memories can still induce sycophancy, and the same memory can warrant different influence across different contexts. To this end, we propose MemAdapter, a novel framework that adaptively integrates retrieved memories to support objective and reliable reasoning. Specifically, MemAdapter consists of three components: (i) Counterfactual Induction, which leverages counterfactual reasoning to uncover the potential risk of retrieved memories; (ii) Context-Aware Reflection, which calibrates the inferential influence of each retrieved memory in light of the current task via…

    AIAI safety70Code
  • arXiv cs.AIOct 4

    Beyond Instruction Following: Learning Grounded Skill-Following with Skill Contracts

    Jianghan Shen, Zhenjie Liu, Yue Li, Jie Huang, Siqi Luo +8

    Instruction following typically enforces discrete, response-level requirements, whereas an expert-authored skill prescribes procedural requirements spanning multiple phases and environment interactions. Given such a skill, we train the executor to execute all required phases instead of focusing solely on the final answer. We therefore introduce Grounded Skill-Following, which requires an agent to execute a fixed, expert-authored skill across its required phases by grounding decisions in environment observations. To achieve verifiable procedural execution, we formulate each skill as a skill contract combining visible skill instructions with an explicit contract runtime. The runtime specifies required phases, admissible actions, permitted transitions, and accepted termination. This structure provides a dense, verifiable training signal throughout execution. We leverage this by introducing Verified Progress Credit, which assigns rewards upon the initial completion of contract milestones and aggregates them into the trajectory return to guide policy optimization. During rollout, the contract runtime continuously tracks state transitions to provide Contract-State Feedback, which…

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  • arXiv cs.LGOct 4

    Cross-Modal Contrastive Learning for the Retrieval of Immunotherapy-Associated Molecular Signatures from Histopathology

    Sigrid Vila-Bagaria, Mar Teixidó, Miquel Piñol, Felip Vilardell, Robert Montal +1

    Gastric Adenocarcinoma is a leading cause of cancer mortality. Although "Inflamed/Non-Inflamed" subtypes have been proposed to predict immunotherapy response, their identification relies on a costly 10-gene RNA signature. We propose a Cross-modal Contrastive Multiple Instance Learning (CCMIL) framework for cross-modal retrieval, imputing these molecular signatures directly from standard Hematoxylin & Eosin (H&E) slides. By leveraging a supervised contrastive objective, CCMIL aligns visual morphological patterns with molecular phenotypes into a shared latent space. This establishes an interpretable search-by-case retrieval engine, enabling pathologists to query a whole slide image to surface transcriptomically coherent neighbors and approximate RNA signatures without genomic sequencing at inference. Our results demonstrate that this retrieval-first approach captures the continuous phenotypic spectrum of tumor inflammation and yields clinically interpretable attention heatmaps. Furthermore, the learned representation also supports competitive downstream classification, providing a practical molecular pre-screening strategy.

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  • arXiv cs.CVOct 4

    Construction and Evaluation of Machine Learning Models for Near-Real-Time Fire Detection from MTG FCI Imagery

    Asaf Vanunu, Boaz Nadler, Arnon Karnieli

    Geostationary satellite observations are important for wildfire detection and monitoring. The current study evaluates machine learning models for MTG FCI near-real-time fire detection in 1- and 2-km spatial configurations and compares them with threshold-based algorithms. The models were trained and evaluated using VIIRS fire reference data across diverse ecological regions in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. The key results are that 1-km models significantly outperform both their 2-km variants and operational threshold products. The constructed 1-km models achieved F1 scores higher by up to 0.36 compared to baseline products. Importantly, the 1-km models detected small fires with higher probability compared to competing models. Finally, the models robustly detected fires up to 260 min earlier than baseline products. To support opensource applications, our trained models are publicly available.

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  • arXiv cs.AIOct 4

    R1A-PC: Physics-Guided Electromagnetic Inversion of Three-Dimensional Human Point Clouds in Complex Static Environments

    Xudong Yuan, Ruyun Xu, Jingtai Yang, Xianzheng Sun

    Recovering three-dimensional human geometry from electromagnetic measure?ments in a complex static environment is difficult because strong multipath responses from walls, floors, and other objects obscure the weak target per?turbation. We propose R1A-PC, a physics-guided method that reconstructs a 2048-point human cloud from paired complex fields measured with and without the target. Complex background subtraction emphasizes target-induced ampli?tude and phase changes, while the background field remains available as an environmental condition. A frequency-balanced discrete Born adjoint produces a three-dimensional spatial knowledge map. At each of two bounded deformation stages, the decoder combines complex measurement features, background fea?tures, and multiscale physical features queried at the current point coordinates; the second stage queries again after the first coordinate update. We analyze the residual of paired subtraction, the weighted normal-operator structure of the raw adjoint, and the feasible set of the predicted cloud. In a held-out background generated by full-wave simulation under a fixed acquisition geometry, R1A-PC obtains a squared Chamfer distance of…

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  • arXiv cs.LGOct 4

    Arithmetic Actor Heads and Training Stabilization for Out-of-Distribution Reinforcement Learning

    Yifan Zhang, Liang Zheng

    Reinforcement learning (RL) policies can deteriorate under out-of-distribution (OOD) magnitude shifts. Starting from soft actor-critic (SAC) and its Bayesian Amnesic Piecewise-Robust (BAPR) predecessor, we study the causal-symbolic BAPR (CS-BAPR) family. The practical method combines six training-stabilization settings with alternative actor heads: a Neural Addition Unit (NAU) with a Neural Multiplication Unit (NMU)-inspired quadratic correction, a Kolmogorov-Arnold Network (KAN), or a multilayer perceptron (MLP) with rectified linear unit (ReLU) or hyperbolic-tangent activations.

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  • arXiv cs.CVOct 4

    SemCam: Semantic Camera Motion Control for Video Generation

    Janna Bruner, Omer Talmi, Ianir Ideses, Lior Fritz, Lior Wolf +1

    Controlling the camera relative to a moving subject in an existing video is challenging: behaviors such as maintaining a frontal view require the camera to adapt to the subject's changing position and orientation, making the desired trajectory difficult to specify in advance. Existing camera-controlled video-to-video methods typically rely on explicit trajectories or reference motions, which do not directly express these dynamic camera--subject relationships. We introduce semantic camera motion control, a novel video-to-video task in which a reference video and a target motion label specify the desired subject-relative camera behavior without an explicit target trajectory. Our method, SemCam, learns to realize this behavior while preserving source content. It combines shared-basis low-rank adaptation with motion-conditioned modulation, while a background-consistency loss encourages fidelity in regions visible in both reference and target videos. We construct 661 paired videos covering eight semantic camera behaviors and evaluate on a separate 109-scene benchmark using subject-relative motion metrics, appearance measures, and a user study. SemCam achieves a semantic-motion success…

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  • arXiv cs.AIAgentsOct 4▲ 46

    AutoSciBench: Autonomous Benchmark Generation for Evaluating Scientific Agents

    Dongki Kim, Namkyeong Lee, Surag Nair, Carl Edwards, Xiner Li +5

    As agents rapidly evolve, existing benchmarks can become saturated, limiting their ability to distinguish capabilities and reveal remaining failure modes. Particularly in scientific domains, constructing and updating benchmarks requires substantial time, labor, and domain expertise, making it difficult to keep evaluation aligned with advances in agent capabilities. We address this challenge by investigating whether scientific-agent benchmarks can be automatically generated and iteratively adapted as agent capabilities evolve. We introduce AutoSciBench, a framework that represents each task as a high-level concept specifying the scientific domain, data modality, and required reasoning approach, together with a low-level recipe specifying how the question, environment, and ground-truth answer are constructed and verified. Agents attempt to solve each task, producing solver trajectories and corresponding judge feedback which AutoSciBench uses to revise the recipe or concept, closing observed shortcuts and shifting tasks toward raw-data re-examination, interpretation of intermediate results, and evidence integration. Experience distilled from completed refinement trajectories further…

    AIEvals80PDF
  • arXiv cs.LGOct 4

    Hidden in the Comments: A Context-Injection Attack Surface in Code LLMs

    Noor Munir, Francesco Quinzan, Stephen Roberts

    Code large language model (Code LLM) assistants generate code from heterogeneous development contexts, including open files, imported modules, pasted snippets, and comments, much of which may originate from untrusted sources. We investigate whether insecure instructions embedded in such contexts can steer Code LLMs toward vulnerable code without access to model weights or training data. We evaluate ten open-weight Code LLMs spanning 3B--13B parameters, including four base and six instruction-tuned models, across ten web-application weakness classes. We compare completion tasks containing insecure instructions embedded as code comments with benign tasks without malicious instructions. Attack-condition completions contained a medium-or-higher weakness in {\bf 77.4--92.3}\% of cases, compared with {\bf 1.7--5.1}\% in the benign condition. Base and instruction-tuned models averaged 86.5\% and 84.5\% vulnerable outputs, respectively; equivalence testing and three matched model pairs indicated reductions of at most 8.1\% after instruction tuning. Susceptibility showed no clear association with model scale or specialization. Among vulnerable attack outputs, 86.2--91.0\% were rated high…

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  • arXiv cs.CVOct 4

    How Does Geometry Enter Generated Motion?

    Weihan Li, Junhao Wu, Yuhan Song, Xiaofeng Lin, Xinlei Chen

    Under a fixed physical law, the visible geometry of a scene determines how motion must change. We ask how video generators realize this relationship. We fix the law and the initial state and change only the geometry drawn in the first frame, within matched families of tracks and deflectors, and compare each generated trajectory with the simulator prediction for that geometry. Paired interventions change one thing at a time: a local bump, the height of a barrier, the words of the prompt, the length of the clip. Across nine image-to-video models, geometry is preserved and shapes the motion: the speed of the ball follows the drawn undulation of a track. A physical state would carry this response forward, and here the generated motion parts from the law. The mean slope barely accelerates the ball, successive contacts fail to compose through a consistent state, an edit ahead of the ball alters its motion before it arrives, and the ball climbs over barriers higher than its release point. Two global conditions organize the global trajectory: text strongly controls the destination, while clip length strongly controls timing in the open-weight models tested. The pattern persists with…

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  • arXiv cs.SDOct 4

    Where Does the Audio Jailbreak Live? A Controlled Frequency-Depth Audit of AdvWave-P on Qwen2-Audio

    Boyuan Chen, Minseok Kim, Sohaila Abdulsattar, Minghao Shao, Siddharth Garg +2

    We audit frequency and decoder-depth claims for AdvWave-P, an additive audio jailbreak, on Qwen2-Audio. The protocol masks frequency components of the perturbation in the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) domain and measures attack success and audio-span representations. On 520 AdvBench prompts, the primary judge labels 76.7% of adversarial inputs as jailbreaks. A condition-blind, single-annotator validation yields a Rogan-Gladen sensitivity estimate of 0.87 for this condition (about 0.83-0.95 with validation-rate uncertainty); this correction is not applied to masked conditions. The apparent frequency ranking depends on the partition: energy share alone predicts the standard eight-band ranking (Spearman's rho = 0.95), and equal-Hz and equal-energy partitions show that masking any tested band can sharply reduce attack success. At a finer 16-band equal-energy resolution, however, masking the narrow 7520-7960 Hz band leaves ASR at 0.10, which remains unresolved without a matched control. Matched-energy scattered-removal tests show that contiguous removal is more damaging in lower bands, while both forms approach the floor in upper bands. Global rescaling leaves ASR near baseline…

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  • arXiv physics.comp-phOct 4

    A Contrast-Source Inversion Scheme Based on Stochastic Optimization and Plug-and-Play Regularization

    Lingqi Gao, Hakan Bagci

    An electromagnetic inversion scheme that integrates stochastic optimization (STO) and plug-and-play (PNP) regularization into contrast-source inversion (CSI), termed STO-PNP-CSI, is developed. Standard CSI solves for the contrast source vector of every transmitter at each iteration, which is expensive in a multi-transmitter configuration. STO instead solves for only one randomly selected contrast source vector per iteration, which reduces the per-iteration cost and can help the inversion escape poor local minima and saddle points. The resulting loss of information, however, increases the ill-posedness of the inversion. To counter this, the Swin-Conv-UNet (SCUNet) denoiser is plugged into the CSI scheme as an implicit regularizer, supplying a learned prior that is stronger than conventional hand-crafted ones and stabilizes the reconstruction. The proposed STO-PNP-CSI is applied to both synthetic and experimental data. The results show that it yields accurate reconstructions at substantially lower computational cost than CSI, including under strong nonlinearity and measurement noise.

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  • arXiv cs.CVOct 4

    RoMod: Temporal Routing Modulation via Mixture-of-Experts for Video Anomaly Detection

    Chao Huang, Pengfei Wei, Benfeng Wang, Chengliang Liu, Wei Wang +3

    Intermediate-layer features from multimodal large language models have shown strong potential for video anomaly detection (VAD), yet the origin of their discriminative power remains unclear. We study this question using sparse mixture-of-experts (MoE) models, whose explicit expert structure and sparse activation make their internal computation easier to inspect. With a fully frozen backbone and no additional training, we find that anomaly-related evidence is concentrated in a small set of experts. These experts recur across layers, spontaneously specialize in different anomaly types, and together form a dynamic routing subnetwork. We further show that the output channels most strongly influenced by these experts are also the hidden dimensions that contain the most anomaly-relevant information. Routing statistics can therefore serve as an internal anomaly cue that complements semantic features.Based on these findings, we propose RoMod, an efficient VAD framework trained with only \(5\%\) of weakly labeled videos. RoMod includes a Routing-Modulated Fusion module, RoMF, and a Routing-aware Temporal Network, RoTN. RoMF uses routing signals to adaptively recalibrate hidden semantic…

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  • arXiv cs.CVOct 4

    Representation--Behavior Alignment for Explainable Weakly-Supervised Video Anomaly Detection

    Chao Huang, Pengfei Wei, Kaige Li, Chengliang Liu, Wei Wang +2

    Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) provide a natural way to make video anomaly detection more explainable. However, their final decisions do not always fully use the discriminative information contained in their hidden states, an issue we refer to as representation--behavior misalignment. We decompose this gap into a capacity component that measures discriminative information never aggregated into the readout position, and a directional component that measures the angular mismatch between the optimal and the native normal--abnormal axis at that position. Across multiple video anomaly detection benchmarks and MLLM backbones the directional component dominates, and residual-stream tracing shows that native-axis separability rises sharply in several mid-to-late attention layers. Because both components are governed by attention rather than MLP updates, we propose Representation--Behavior Alignment (RBA), a parameter-efficient method that adapts those layers using video-level labels alone while updating about 0.012\% of the backbone parameters. Experiments on three benchmarks show that RBA improves native-readout performance and better aligns the model's decision direction with…

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  • arXiv cs.LGOct 4

    Component-Level Evaluation of Adaptive PINN Training for CFD-Oriented Crystal Growth Simulation

    Niruta Chapagain, Rohit Raj, Bertwin Kurisinkal Shine, Aditya A S

    Physics-informed neural network (PINN) training minimizes a weighted combination of partial differential equation (PDE), boundary-condition, and initial-condition losses. Because adaptive methods modify these weights during training, their weighted total losses are not always directly comparable. We compare fixed-weight PINN, gradient-normalized PINN (GNPINN), and a rule-based adaptive controller (AgenticPINN) under matched settings on a heat-equation benchmark and a simplified Czochralski-oriented thermal-fluid problem. In the crystal-growth MLP experiment, adaptive control reduced the PDE residual from the order of $10^{-5}$ to $10^{-6}$, while the boundary-condition loss increased from the order of $10^{-5}$ to $10^{-2}$. On the heat-equation benchmark, GNPINN achieved the lowest relative $L_2$ field error (0.054), whereas AgenticPINN obtained the smallest PDE residual but a relative $L_2$ error of 1.368. Gaussian-process surrogates were additionally evaluated using case-wise holdout tests on corrected Czochralski CFD parameter sweeps. The temperature-field error for the temperature sweep was approximately 6%, whereas the axial-velocity error for the crystal-rotation sweep was…

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  • arXiv cs.CLOct 4

    Selecting Repetition Counts Across Model Scales in Data-Constrained Pretraining

    Ziyue WANG, T. Kanamori

    The repetition count that works best for a small language model may not remain best at a larger scale. We study this effect in pretraining with a finite target corpus mixed with generic data at a fixed target fraction. On Wikipedia-derived data and Proof-Pile-2, the ranking of measured repetition counts changes with model size, and a 520M Proof-Pile-2 experiment confirms that reducing repetition from sixteen to eight improves loss while using fewer training tokens. We use loss curves from several smaller models to retain a short list of promising repetition counts for evaluation at a larger scale. On PubMed and Caselaw, candidate sets fixed before target-model training retain the lowest-loss measured count on the original evaluation grids at both 200M and 520M. This supports candidate retention as a practical alternative to exact point prediction. We also relate the pruning regression to an empirical scaling model with two opposing repetition-dependent loss terms. A first-order expansion in log model size yields the linear form used by the selection rule, providing a scaling-based interpretation of the candidate-selection procedure.

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  • arXiv cs.LGOct 4

    Bayesian Entropy-based Reordering for Calibrated Diffusion Language Models

    Zhejun Jiang, Mijung Park

    Masked Diffusion Language Models (MDLMs) generate sequences by iteratively replacing masked tokens with model predictions. At each denoising step, the decoder chooses which positions are sufficiently confident to commit. Existing decoding methods typically rely on softmax confidence, which can be miscalibrated. We introduce BayesER (BAYESian Entropy-based Reordering), a post-hoc Bayesian decoding framework that uses predictive uncertainty to guide token commitment. In BayesER, we construct a lightweight approximate posterior centered at the pretrained checkpoint, similar to Laplace-LoRA but without training LoRA adapters. We average predictions over posterior samples and use predictive entropy to prioritize reliable positions. We examine how posterior predictions affect position ordering and token selection across benchmarks spanning code generation, mathematical reasoning, planning, and molecular generation. We show that BayesER reduces sequence-level calibration error while preserving or improving accuracy relative to common decoding schemes, including confidence-threshold decoding. Additionally, a posterior fitted on one code-generation dataset reduces calibration error on…

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  • arXiv cs.AIOct 4

    Memory Canonicalization: A Framework and Benchmark for Cross-Model Drift in Persistent LLM Memory

    Amit Vadnere, Aishwarya Lonarkar

    Persistent memory for Large Language Models (LLMs) has matured rapidly: systems such as MemGPT/Letta, Mem0, and Zep now provide agents with tiered, temporally-aware, model-agnostic external storage, while the Model Context Protocol (MCP) standardizes access to memory servers. A less addressed problem is that an identical stored memory object, retrieved by two different LLMs under otherwise identical conditions, may not be interpreted the same way, factually or emotionally. This paper proposes memory canonicalization: a write-time pipeline that detects ambiguity, conditional structure, and emotional loading in a raw memory object and rewrites it into an explicit, structurally disambiguated canonical form, with emotional valence represented as a separate field rather than inferred from tone. We formalize the pipeline, define a companion Cross-Model Semantic Drift / Emotional Consistency Score benchmark (CMSC-E), and report results from a three-arm pilot using 176 synthetic memory objects and three downstream model families. We find an uncorrected improvement in cross-model emotional consistency for fully canonicalized memory relative to raw memory (+0.050, 95% bootstrap CI [0.013,…

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Rising research topics

  • Spiking neural networks11+120.0%
  • Speech emotion22+46.7%
  • Character recognition OCR42+27.3%
  • Anomaly detectors27+8.0%
  • Forecasting time132+4.8%
  • Quantum machine learning29+3.6%
  • Robotics197+3.1%
  • Neural operators201−14.5%