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All fields2967Multimodal505Agents503Frontier LLMs438Inference & serving253Image segmentation176Graph learning1593D scene154Learning verifiable rewards136Voice AI89Classifier & causal discovery83Forecasting time74Flow matching69Teacher policy distillation51Machine learned interatomic51Adversarial training48All 23 fields

Open problems across fields

  • Compositionality in RAG pipelines1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it

    Combining individually strong RAG components often fails to improve overall performance, and gains may not transfer across retrieval quality and answer faithfulness.

    • Retrieval Augmented Generation Compositionalityraises · addresses
  • Request execution in streaming video generation1 paper raises it · 0 address it

    Models struggle to reliably follow incremental multimodal requests while maintaining state consistency and visual fidelity.

    • StreamEval: Evaluating Interactive Streaming Video Generation Modelsraises
  • Brain-body mismatch in recursive self-improving agents1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it

    Evolving execution harnesses may demand behaviors the model has not learned or restrict existing capabilities.

    • CoEvo-RSI: When Harnesses Evolve, Which Models Should Follow?raises · addresses
  • Length generalization in state tracking1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it

    Models trained on short sequences often fail to generalize to much longer sequences without explicit progress alignment.

    • PAR: Progress-Aligned Recurrence for Length Generalization in State Trackingraises · addresses
  • Evidence-grounded evaluation for audio-visual reasoning1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it

    Existing benchmarks often allow models to answer correctly without analyzing necessary audio-visual evidence, weakening reliability.

    • EvaOmni: An Evidence-Grounded Benchmark for Audio-Visual Reasoningraises · addresses

Named by an AI from these papers' abstracts.

Papers

  • arXiv cs.AIAgentsOct 15▲ 8

    LEASH: Uncertainty-Aware Weak-to-Strong Escalation and Oversight for Computer-Use Agents

    Qingni Wang, Changdae Oh, Yuzhe Yang, Sharon Li, Jiachen Yang +2

    Computer-use agents increasingly tackle long-horizon tasks, where running a frontier model at every step is expensive and a small open-weight model alone often fails. Weak-to-strong escalation offers a middle ground where a weak agent acts by default and hands control to a strong one only when needed. The core challenge is deciding when to escalate, which requires an uncertainty signal cheap enough to check at every step. However, even after handoff, the strong agent can still get lost, but a black-box API that the strong agent is usually served exposes no internals to monitor. To this end, we propose LEASH, a training-free framework that unleashes the strong agent only when the weak agent's latent uncertainty signals it is needed, and keeps it on a leash afterward. LEASH has three layers: (1) initial task uncertainty for early routing, (2) step-level uncertainty for runtime escalation, and, after handoff, (3) a shadow observer for continued oversight of the strong black-box agent. Here, we use latent uncertainty as a fuel for all three layers. Specifically, we compare the weak model's hidden states with those from its past successful and failed trajectories, and a state that…

    AI80PDF
  • arXiv cs.LGOct 15

    Progressive Misalignment Can Emerge from Benign Recursive Self-Distillation

    Karim Abdel Sadek, Federico Di Gennaro, Fanny Yang

    Training models on their own outputs has attracted widespread attention as a possible route to advance AI capabilities. One prominent approach is self-distillation, where a model is trained to match the token-level predictions it would have produced when given access to additional context, such as a cue, feedback, or instruction. However, the safety properties of this training procedure are poorly understood. In this paper, we present a surprising safety failure of recursive self-distillation, where each self-distilled model becomes the teacher for the next round of training. We observe that when a safe model is recursively self-distilled on its own (safe) generations while receiving an additional non-harmful cue, it becomes increasingly misaligned across a diverse set of harmful queries; we call this Progressive Misalignment. We show this failure mode in both the Qwen3 and Phi-4 model families on SORRY-Bench and StrongREJECT. Progressive misalignment also occurs in a more realistic setup, where the fixed cue is replaced by feedback from a simulated user with benign intent. Using a gradient-based method, we are also able to find benign prompts that lead to progressive…

    PDF
  • arXiv cs.AIOct 15▲ 5

    Harness-Delta Attribution: Dissecting Gains From Harness Evolution

    Wenxuan Ding, Qin Lu, Changlong Yu, Sha Li, Shuowei Jin +3

    Harness evolution automatically optimizes the prompts, skills, tools, and orchestration code around a fixed-weight model, offering a way to improve agentic systems without updating model weights. The agent harness is iteratively optimized to achieve higher performance on the search set. But how much of this gain reflects benchmark-specific overfitting or additional inference-time compute, and how much may generalize beyond the search set? In this work, we introduce Harness-Delta Attribution (HDA), an evaluation protocol that dissects an evolution gain into artifact-driven overfitting, gains explained by test-time scaling, and the remainder, which gives an upper bound on residual generalizable improvement. We apply HDA to 11 executor models and three harness-evolution frameworks across math, coding, creativity, and agentic tasks. In 21 of these settings that show statistically significant search-set gains, we find that a large share of the improvement is explained by overfitting or test-time scaling. Specifically, among these 21 settings, overfitting and test-time scaling account for 54% and 14% of the gain on average; their combined share exceeds 50% in 14 settings. The residual…

    Code
  • arXiv cs.CVMultimodalOct 15▲ 354

    MJev-Spatial: System One Spatial Intelligence via Native Attention Matching

    Luozheng Qin, Yuhan Zhu, Changhai Zhou, Qian Qiao, Jun Gao +7

    Spatial intelligence lets an agent perceive and act in the physical world, and many of its judgments must be made at interaction rates: which spatial relation holds, how far an object is, or where to place it. Vision-language models (VLMs) produce these answers by free-form text generation, paying for autoregressive decoding and answer parsing even though the output space is compact: one of a few options, a scalar, or a 2D point. In light of this, we introduce MJev-Spatial, a System 1 multimodal decision model that tackles all three types of spatial understanding tasks within a unified classification framework. Specifically, MJev-Spatial treats each candidate as a class and scores it using the backbone's pretrained query and key projections, without adding parameters. The candidates are the given options for choice tasks, or value bins and image regions refined through coarse-to-fine classification for numerical and point prediction, respectively. At inference, each classification decision takes a single forward pass and generates no answer tokens. To train on heterogeneous spatial data efficiently, we supervise all coarse-to-fine stages jointly with teacher forcing in one…

    AI70Code
  • arXiv cs.LGAgentsOct 15▲ 8

    Librarian Agents: Training LLMs to Curate Long-Context Workspaces that Anticipate Future Queries

    Anikait Singh, Teresa Zhang, Yoonho Lee, Roshen Sanjay Nair, Aviral Kumar +1

    Reasoning over long document contexts remains a challenge for large language models (LLMs). Standard retrieval methods are inherently reactive, bottlenecking agents with complex, cross-document reasoning at inference time, while precomputed structures like knowledge graphs often fall short because they rely on rigid heuristics. Instead, can we allow agents to perform anticipatory directed curation: learning to proactively reorganize unstructured corpora prior to inference to efficiently serve diverse future queries. We build on a key asymmetry in modern agentic harnesses (e.g., Claude Code): while LLM agents are adept at navigating existing filesystems to solve an immediate task, they are rarely trained to construct reusable workspaces for future use. To instantiate this capability, we introduce Librarian Agents, a framework in which a builder agent transforms raw documents into a hierarchical filesystem of synthetic files and reference links, which forms a workspace tailored for a downstream answering agent. We formulate workspace construction as a Markov decision process and optimize the builder policy via reinforcement learning to directly maximize downstream answering…

    AI80PDF
  • arXiv cs.CVOct 15

    Unsupervised Clustering of Public Transport Vehicles Using Deep Morphological Features and Color Histograms

    Juan Irving Vasquez

    Surveillance cameras along urban roads produce large volumes of unlabeled video that could support the monitoring of public transport, but grouping the observed vehicles into meaningful categories without manual annotation remains challenging, since buses from different routes often share the same body structure and differ mainly in their color schemes. This study presents an unsupervised clustering methodology for public transport vehicles that combines morphological features extracted with a frozen DINOv2 Vision Transformer and handcrafted HSV color histograms through weighted early fusion, followed by UMAP projection and K-Means clustering. The method was evaluated on 7,972 bus images extracted from about 1,460 hours of video of an arterial road in Mexico City, with the goal of isolating the buses of the city's public bus network (RTP) without supervision. With a fusion of 65\% morphological and 35\% color features, the pipeline produced 14 clusters that separate distinct routes and vehicle types, and it increased the precision of the target cluster with respect to morphological features alone. These results show that color complements self-supervised features for route-level…

    AI20PDF
  • arXiv cs.AIOct 15

    X-RIC: An Agentic RAN-Intelligent Controller Benchmark for Enhancing Reinforcement Learning

    Adhwaa Al-Chaab, Ayman Younis, Dario Pompili

    The O-RAN ALLIANCE introduces architectural flexibility through disaggregation and AI-driven control. While the RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) enables centralized optimization, current AI approaches lack reasoning capabilities and explainability. We propose eXplainable RIC (X-RIC), a novel framework integrating agentic AI into O-RAN architectures. X-RIC combines reactive Reinforcement Learning (RL) with strategic agentic reasoning through: (i) automated Behavioral Cloning (BC) using domain heuristics for sample-efficient training, (ii) a Telecom Language Model (TLM), a transformer-based reasoning module providing contextual abstraction and interpretability, and (iii) closed-loop co-adaptation within the Near-RT RIC control loop enabling continuous policy refinement. To ensure deployment readiness, we introduce BARX (Benchmarking Agentic Reasoning for RAN), a domain-specific evaluation framework assessing agentic control across latency, compliance, and determinism metrics. We validate X-RIC on SLA-aware network slicing in simulation and O-RAN-compliant testbed deployments. X-RIC achieves 89% operational cost reduction while maintaining SLA compliance, converging 75% faster with…

    AI20PDF
  • arXiv cs.CVImage & video generationOct 15

    Beyond Pairwise Repulsion: Collective Diversity via Determinant Maximization in Diffusion Sampling

    Kwanyoung Lee, SeungJu Cha, Yebin Ahn, Sungho Koh, Dong-Jin Kim

    Strong guidance in text-to-image (T2I) diffusion models concentrates sampling toward high-density modes of the conditional distribution, collapsing independently sampled noise vectors onto nearly identical visual prototypes. This limits utility for tasks that demand distributional breadth, most critically synthetic data augmentation. Diversity, however, is a collective property of the whole batch: a set can preserve every pairwise distance yet still collapse onto a low-dimensional subspace. Existing sum-of-pairwise noise-optimization and repulsion objectives respond only weakly to this higher-order failure. We propose DetNO (Determinant Noise Optimization), which formulates diverse generation as RKHS volume maximization on the initial noise, maximizing the log-determinant of an RBF Gram matrix over one-step Tweedie predictions. This set-level functional equals the squared batch volume; its repulsion is strongest when the batch is most collapsed and self-attenuates as diversity is achieved. An anchor-based fidelity term keeps the optimized noises near plausible regions, and Lagrangian relaxation gives a two-term objective with a single hyperparameter $λ$ governing the…

    AI70PDF
  • arXiv cs.CVImage & video generationOct 15▲ 79

    SCOPE: Semantic Bounded Credit Optimization for Prompt Engineering in Text-to-image Generation

    Yufei Jiao, Jinfa Huang, Zeyue Xue, Tianyu Xie, Yuexiao Ma +3

    Reinforcement learning (RL) enables language models to improve text-to-image (T2I) generation by rewriting prompts for a frozen image generator. Existing methods typically apply a single signal derived from the image to individual subword tokens, although objects, counts, attributes, and relations form coherent semantic spans. We propose SCOPE, an objective based on Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) that aligns update weighting with this structure. The rewriter jointly generates an enhanced prompt and its semantic partition. SCOPE pools shifts in policy log probabilities within each span to derive a shared coefficient for its token losses while retaining a single advantage for each completion. It requires neither separate span rewards nor additional image renders. Across Qwen-Image, SD3, and FLUX.1-dev, SCOPE achieves average relative gains over vanilla GRPO of 9.48% on GeneVal and 7.62% on T2I-CompBench. Ablation studies show that both semantic boundaries and pooling within spans contribute to these gains, supporting semantic structure as a practical inductive bias for prompt engineering with RL.

    AI70Code
  • arXiv cs.AIOct 15

    Author-in-the-loop Agentic Reproducibility Auditing for a Machine Learning Conference

    Yukun Dong, Linjun Zhang, Tian Zheng

    Reproducibility checks during peer review require a shared understanding of what authors' code is expected to reproduce. We present an author-in-the-loop collaborative audit that makes author declarations explicit inputs to an AI agent's investigation and assessment. A structured checklist records reproduction instructions and limitations; a two-stage workflow on GitHub connects agent checks to author clarification, revision, and agent reassessment. The agent separately assesses whether results have been reproduced and whether authors need to provide clarification or make repairs, while human reviewers approve requests and decide whether concerns are resolved. We deployed the system across 36 conference papers and 133 experimental tables and figures, raising 20 issues after human review. Further checks supported closing all the issues, although full reproduction remained unverified in some cases. We further compared repeated audits with complete and blank checklists to examine how author declarations shaped the agent's investigation and assessment. Our work contributes a collaborative workflow and agent design that use author knowledge to guide reproducibility auditing. The…

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  • arXiv cs.LGTraining & fine-tuningOct 15

    Baselines and Score Centering in Policy Gradient Estimation

    Shuo Han, Ziqing Hu

    Reinforcement learning has become a widely used approach to post-training large language models. In a typical implementation, learning is off-policy: The policy generating the responses differs from the policy being trained because of training-inference mismatch or policy staleness in asynchronous training. This discrepancy is commonly addressed by importance sampling, whose ratio is usually regularized in practice through truncation, masking, or clipping. Under regularized importance sampling, the importance-weighted policy gradient is no longer invariant to constant shifts in the reward. This invariance is recovered by using the covariance between the reward and the importance-weighted score as the estimand, which coincides with the policy gradient when the ratio is not regularized. This note develops this covariance perspective for both sequence-level and token-level importance sampling. The covariance perspective reveals the roles of the group-mean baseline and score centering in policy gradient estimation. Both perform centering in covariance estimation, but they differ in the mean being subtracted: The group-mean baseline uses a sample mean, whereas score centering uses a…

    AI50PDF
  • arXiv cs.SIOct 15

    Political Narratives in the 2024 Moldovan Presidential Election: Stance, Amplification, and Influence

    Andrea Piras, Osman Rahmoun, Elena Zheleva

    Social media platforms play a central role in shaping political discourse during elections, particularly in geopolitically contested regions. We study how political narratives emerged, aligned, and propagated during the 2024 Moldovan presidential election by analyzing publicly available posts collected from X, Facebook, and Reddit between August and October 2024. Combining multilingual stance detection, coordination analysis, and causal inference, we examine both descriptive and causal mechanisms underlying online political discourse. First, we apply large language models to classify stance toward European integration, Russia, and the two main presidential candidates, revealing clear cross-platform and cross-linguistic differences in how political positions are expressed. Second, we construct retweet-based and semantic alignment networks on X to identify amplification and aligned framing of dominating narratives. Finally, we use a proximal causal inference framework to estimate peer influence effects in stance formation. Our results indicate consistently positive and statistically significant average treatment effects across major stance categories. These findings provide…

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  • arXiv cs.LGOct 15

    Topology-Inspired Fine-Tuning for Wind-Field Super-Resolution

    Arjun Dadhwal, Brian Summa

    Scientific super-resolution (SR) models are typically optimized with pointwise reconstruction losses, yet scientific interpretation often hinges on extrema, connected regions, and multiscale scalar structure. We characterize this tension with pretrained CNN and GAN wind-field SR models. Pointwise metrics, bottleneck persistence-diagram (PD) distance, and merge-tree (MT) distance favor the CNN, whereas order-2 Wasserstein PD distances favor the sharper GAN, so even different distances on the same topological descriptor reward different properties. Motivated by this disagreement, we fine-tune the pretrained CNN with differentiable topology-inspired auxiliary losses on scalar speed, gradient magnitude, soft high-speed level sets, and local maxima, and with fixed-pair supervision, which constrains predicted values and persistence at ground-truth persistence-pair endpoints located offline with the Topology ToolKit. A loss study of 16 fine-tuning configurations, each compared with a matched standard fine-tuning control that uses only the original reconstruction loss, on a fixed 168-field benchmark (with topology evaluated on a fixed 160 by 160 subregion of each field), shows that,…

    AI20PDF
  • arXiv cs.CVEvalsOct 15

    FPG-Seg: Annotation-free Retinal Vessel Topology Segmentation

    James Willoughby, Irina Voiculescu

    State-of-the art approaches to retinal vessel segmentation typically require extensive annotations, a highly time-consuming process, reliant on clinical expertise. We present FPG-Seg, an annotation-free pipeline for retinal vessel segmentation combining classical vesselness filtering, Bayesian deep learning and topology-aware graph reconstruction to segment retinal vessel topology without manual labels. Tested across four widely used benchmark datasets for retinal vessel segmentation, FPG-Seg attains a clDice of $0.74{-}0.78$, representing $86{-}98\%$ of the performance of an equivalent fully-supervised baseline, despite using no manual annotations for training or hyperparameter tuning. As part of this work, we also provide, to our knowledge, the first performance benchmark of an annotation-free vessel segmentation method on FIVES.

    AIComputer vision50PDF
  • arXiv eess.IVImage & video generationOct 15

    Denoising Textures is a Different Ballgame Altogether!

    Saptarshi Mandal, Oindrila Haldar, Chirayata Bhattacharya, Chandra Sekhar Seelamantula, Zhiwei Xu +2

    The human brain effortlessly deciphers colors and textures from visual stimuli and reconstructs the world around us, yet preserving such details remains challenging in image denoising. While significant progress has been made in generic image denoising, the problem of texture denoising has remained relatively under-explored. Fine details, such as intricate patterns and repetitive structures, often suffer from over-smoothing even in deep learning based approaches for denoising. In this paper, we analyze the behavior of state-of-the-art (SOTA) denoisers on texture datasets and show that performance improvements are possible only by fine-tuning the denoisers on the texture datasets. Surprisingly, fine-tuning on texture datasets result in the models catastrophically forgetting the original dataset. These findings highlight the need for specialized treatment of textures in denoising. Since denoising quality directly impacts downstream tasks such as generative modelling, we argue that dedicated texture aware denoisers are essential for faithful texture reconstruction and synthesis.

    AI50PDF
  • arXiv cs.LGInference & servingOct 15

    BitSparse: Compact Activation Storage for ReLU Feed-Forward Networks

    Max Zhu, Bohang Sun, Pietro Lio, Jialin Yu

    Reducing memory use in large language model (LLM) training is an ongoing challenge. Activation checkpointing saves memory by recomputation, while lossy compression changes the stored activations. The reemergence of sparse $\relu$ and $\relu^2$ activations creates a third opportunity: losslessly compressing the activation cache itself. We present BitSparse, a GPU-resident lossless compression format for sparse activations. Compression and reconstruction run in custom Triton kernels fused into an autograd function, shrinking the activation cache while recovering it exactly for the backward pass. Bfloat16 (BF16) and FP8 activations are supported. Optional sign-bit packing further increases compression up to close to the theoretical limit. We analyze its compression ratio and compare it to the theoretical optimum. BitSparse lowers per-token VRAM by 31\% and 30\% Modded-NanoGPT and Nemotron-H respectively, with overheads of no more than 1\% at practical sequence lengths. Additionally, a new preallocated buffer system avoids host synchronization during training when variable size tensors are allocated.

    AI80PDF
  • arXiv cs.LGOct 15

    Explore Once, Evaluate Many: Multiple Policy Evaluation for Stochastic Linear Bandits

    Spyros Dragazis, Yilei Chen, Aldo Pacchiano

    We study how to evaluate $K$ target policies simultaneously in stochastic contextual bandits with linear reward structure. Given a known $d$-dimensional feature map and reward-free access to policy queries, we propose PRISMA (Policy evaluation through Regularized Information Sharing and Mixture Allocation), an algorithm that estimates every target policy's value to accuracy $\varepsilon$ with probability at least $1-δ$. The algorithm uses $\widetilde{\mathcal{O}}\!\left( \frac{(L^2S^2+β^2)(1\veeρ^\star)}{\varepsilon^2} \cdot \log(K) \right)$ context draws and reward observations, where $ρ^\star\le d$ is an instance-dependent measure of the difficulty of designing a shared sampling distribution. Here, $L$, $S$, and $β$ bound the feature norm, reward parameter norm, and reward noise, respectively, and the suppressed factors are logarithmic in $K$, $d$, and $1/δ$. Our method combines reward-free planning, a regularized sampling design, and a single ridge regression estimator shared across all target policies. An adaptive doubling procedure selects the regularization scale without knowledge of $ρ^\star$. The guarantees require no numerical lower bound on second-moment eigenvalues and…

    AI20PDF
  • arXiv cs.CLEvalsOct 15

    Not X, but When: Diagnosing a Mandarin LLM Writing Tic through Contextual Appropriateness

    Yihang Peng, Yi Jing, Dewen Liu, Weihan Meng, Ying Liu

    Recurring expressions in model-written text are often treated as signatures of machine authorship, yet most of them serve legitimate functions. Whether such an expression is a tic depends on whether the model knows when it is called for. This judgment of appropriateness, central to communicative competence, remains largely unexamined for language models. We study it through the Mandarin corrective construction bushi X, ershi Y ("not X, but Y"). Drawing on Gricean pragmatics and corrective negation, we introduce a decision tree that classifies uses as substantive, optional, or defective by testing whether the context makes X a live alternative and whether rejecting X is informative. Five commercial models use the construction 2.5 to 9.2 times as densely as a human reference. Of 307 annotated uses, only 1.30% are defective while 52.8% are optional, that is, correct but unneeded, so models fall short in appropriateness far more often than in correctness. Several reward models favor the construction even over quality-matched variants, an LLM judge favors it even where the context does not license it, and both supervised fine-tuning and preference optimization tend to raise its…

    AI60PDF
  • arXiv cs.AIAgentsOct 15

    Disagreement-Guided Weak-to-Strong Routing

    Sima Noorani, Shayan Kiyani, George Pappas, Hamed Hassani

    Small language models are increasingly deployed on edge devices and robotic systems to meet cost and latency constraints, yet their limited capabilities can make reliable deployment challenging. Stronger models can provide assistance when needed, but deciding when to route a weak-model response to a stronger model often relies on signals of response correctness. In open-ended and agentic tasks, however, obtaining such signals can require costly ground-truth supervision that is difficult to obtain at scale. We revisit the foundations of weak-to-strong routing and ask whether routing decisions can instead be guided by signals that do not require ground-truth supervision. We first characterize the optimal weak-to-strong routing policy, while allowing for multiple weak-model responses generated through local inference. Building on this characterization, we derive a principled approximation to the optimal routing based on model-to-model comparison. In particular, we introduce a notion of model disagreement that can be measured directly from model-generated responses, without ground-truth supervision. Importantly, the approximation becomes increasingly accurate as the strong model…

    AI80PDF
  • arXiv cs.CRAI safetyOct 15

    Language Is a Security Surface for Agent Guards

    Hasan Demirkiran, Jens Ernstberger

    Step-level guards decide, before each tool call, whether an agent's next action is safe given the user's request and the trajectory so far. Users write those requests in many languages, while guard prompts and the benchmarks on which purpose-built guards are trained and evaluated are English. We ask whether a guard's verdict depends on the language of the request. We build LinguaGuardBench from the 1,220 labelled steps of TS-Bench AgentDojo-Traj: we translate only the user instruction into German, French, Turkish, Swahili and Amharic, and keep every tool call, observation and label byte-identical, so any change in a verdict is attributable to language alone. Six English rewordings and a whitespace placebo serve as controls, and managed guards are run three times to measure their noise. Across 19 guards, from frontier APIs to 4B open models and four purpose-built agent guards, most open, small and purpose-built guards change verdicts under translation beyond their own noise floor, and the effect grows with the rarity of the language: among the nine guards below 13B parameters, the mean placebo-adjusted flip rate rises from +1.5 pp on French to +4.4 pp on Amharic. Purpose-built…

    AI80PDF
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Rising research topics

  • Federated learning45+2.3%
  • Adversarial training48−2.0%
  • Anomaly detectors33−5.7%
  • Forecasting time74−6.3%
  • Machine learned interatomic51−7.3%
  • Agents503−11.9%
  • 3D scene154−12.5%
  • Voice AI89−13.6%