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ByteTrail · AI and developer-tools intelligence
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Fields · this week
All fields2393Multimodal423Agents394Frontier LLMs361Inference & serving205Image segmentation142Graph learning1313D scene122Learning verifiable rewards107Voice AI64Classifier & causal discovery63Forecasting time61Flow matching55Teacher policy distillation45Adversarial training42Machine learned interatomic37All 23 fields

Open problems across fields

  • Real-time request execution in streaming video generation1 paper raises it · 0 address it

    Models struggle to reliably follow incremental user requests while maintaining state consistency in interactive video generation.

    • StreamEval: Evaluating Interactive Streaming Video Generation Modelsraises
  • Brain-body mismatch in recursive self-improving agents1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it

    Evolving execution scaffolds (harnesses) can outpace or restrict the capabilities of the underlying model, leading to misalignment.

    • CoEvo-RSI: When Harnesses Evolve, Which Models Should Follow?raises · addresses
  • End-to-end deep search in open web environments1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it

    Agents fail to autonomously explore, integrate, and verify evidence from diverse, interactive, and heterogeneous web sources.

    • Deep Search in Real-World Web Environmentsraises · addresses
  • Length generalization in state tracking1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it

    Models trained on short sequences often fail to generalize to much longer sequences without explicit progress alignment.

    • PAR: Progress-Aligned Recurrence for Length Generalization in State Trackingraises · addresses
  • Fine-grained geometry and appearance recovery in 3D Gaussian Splatting1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it

    Feed-forward models struggle to capture detailed structures and textures in 3D scene reconstruction.

    • FineSplat: Fine Patches, Local Groups, Detailed Splatsraises · addresses

Named by an AI from these papers' abstracts.

Rising research topics

  • Adversarial training42−10.6%
  • Anomaly detectors28−20.0%
  • Forecasting time61−21.8%
  • Federated learning36−23.4%
  • CAD models12−25.0%
  • Frontier LLMs361−29.8%
  • Inference & serving205−29.8%
  • Teacher policy distillation45−30.8%

Papers

  • arXiv cs.AIOct 13▲ 8

    Training LLMs for Multi-Agent Collaboration with Verifiable Information Rewards

    Keru Chen, Sen Lin, Yingbin Liang, Nathaniel D. Bastian, Shaofeng Zou

    Effective collaboration among large language model (LLM) agents in multi-agent systems requires sharing relevant evidence, requesting missing information, and incorporating teammates' contributions into decisions. Training these behaviors is challenging because final task outcomes provide limited feedback on the value of individual messages. We introduce CoSIR (Collaboration via Surprisal-based Information Rewards), a post-training approach that uses a simple, verifiable environment to teach collaboration behaviors that generalize to more complex, unseen tasks. We propose a Bayesian evaluator that scores shared information by its reduction in team surprisal, defined as the sum of the negative log probabilities assigned to the correct option given each agent's available evidence. Requests are scored by the potential reduction in the same quantity if the requested information were truthfully provided. Separate rewards encourage agents to use the received information in their private choices and calculations. We post-train Qwen3-4B, Qwen3-8B, and Gemma-3-4B-it through self-play and evaluate transfer to seven unseen natural-language collaboration tasks. CoSIR achieves the highest…

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  • arXiv cs.LGOct 13

    Deep Mesoscopic Dynamics

    Yue Zhao, Shiqi Wu, Yihang Ouyang, Sergey Grebenchuk, Magdalena Grzeszczyk +4

    Microscopic simulations resolve spatial patterns but are feasible only over small domains and short timescales, whereas bulk descriptions erase those patterns through spatial averaging. Mesoscopic fields preserve this spatial organisation, but their effective equations are known only for selected microscopic systems and scaling limits. We introduce Deep Mesoscopic Dynamics (DeepMesoD), which uses neural networks to learn an effective mesoscopic field equation from microscopic trajectories at a prescribed coarse-graining scale. For the nonconserved dissipative dynamics studied here, DeepMesoD learns the free-energy functional with a spatial interaction kernel and a state-dependent dissipation operator constrained by the fluctuation-dissipation relation. We first validate the construction in the Ising-Kac model, where the learned mesoscopic equation recovers the known hydrodynamic limit and rollouts remain stable far beyond the training horizon. We then treat two systems without closed-form mesoscopic descriptions. For a two-dimensional Heisenberg ferromagnet governed by atomistic spin dynamics, DeepMesoD learns a mesoscopic model whose predictions match atomistic references up to…

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  • arXiv cs.CVOct 13

    Diagnose-to-Generate: Eliminating Structural Distortions in Flow Models via Patch-Level Grounded Alignment

    Yifan Li, Lishuai Gao, Tong Zhang, Qilong Huang, Chen Zhao +6

    Flow-based image generators achieve strong semantic synthesis but still produce localized structural distortions, such as malformed hands and limbs. Existing post-training methods typically optimize global scalar rewards, which provide weak spatial credit assignment and may alter well-formed regions while correcting local defects. We present \textit{Diagnose-to-Generate (D2G)}, a grounded alignment framework that separates visual diagnosis from generative optimization. We construct \textbf{Achilles-600K}, a region-annotated dataset for structural anomalies, and train \textbf{ARGUS} through supervised cold-start and Region-Aware Group Relative Policy Optimization to predict anomaly categories and bounding boxes. These diagnoses are converted into confidence-weighted spatial rewards for our \textbf{Patch-level Flow-GRPO}. We further identify that global stochastic exploration can shift semantic regions across group rollouts, making patch-wise relative advantages spatially inconsistent. Our \textbf{Trajectory-Preserving Stochastic Sampling (TPSS)} anchors early denoising with deterministic ODE trajectories and introduces stochasticity only at later steps, thereby limiting…

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  • arXiv cs.CLOct 13

    Cross-Lingual Transfer of Evil Vectors Is Directionally Asymmetric

    Juann Kim, Minku Kang

    Persona vectors are linear directions in the residual-stream activations of LLMs that encode behavioral traits and enable fine-grained control over model behavior. Among them, the evil persona vector is particularly relevant to understanding harmful behavior, jailbreak vulnerabilities, and the unlearning of harmful knowledge. Yet whether this vector reflects a genuinely cross-lingual concept, rather than an artifact of its extraction language, remains untested. We conduct a systematic evil-vector transfer study across two high-resource languages (English, Spanish) and two low-resource languages (Swahili, Telugu) on four open-source instruction-tuned LLMs, and find that transfer is directionally asymmetric. Evil vectors are harder to obtain reliably from low-resource languages, and the resulting vectors are largely ineffective at steering, even within their own language. In contrast, vectors extracted from high-resource languages transfer effectively to low-resource inputs while largely preserving general knowledge, as measured by MMLU. Geometric analysis further supports this pattern: evil vectors from the two high-resource languages are closely aligned, whereas low-resource…

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  • arXiv cs.CVOct 13

    LoopREG: Representation Supervision Enables Test-Time Recurrent Depth in Diffusion Transformers

    Zipeng Wang, Anping Xiong, Jing Zhang, Xiaoya Zhu, Yi Jiang +15

    Reusing Transformer blocks offers a way to increase diffusion-model computation at test time, but naive recurrence can degrade generation beyond its training depth. We introduce LoopREG, a representation-supervised recurrent diffusion Transformer that repeatedly applies a shared block at the state supervised by a pretrained visual encoder. Alignment is applied after the final recurrent visit during training; inference extends the same learned operator to additional visits. On ImageNet 256 x 256, LoopREG reduces SiT-B/2 FID from the local REG baseline's 15.08 to 4.91 at 400K training steps, a 67.41% reduction. Within a checkpoint trained with two visits, one extra inference visit improves FID from 14.71 to 5.34 with unchanged weights. The benefit persists on SiT-L/2 and SiT-XL/2. Controlled interventions show that useful recurrence follows the location of representation supervision, while REPA alignment produces a smaller extrapolation benefit. These results make representation-supervised recurrence a practical route to improving diffusion generation through additional inference depth.

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  • arXiv cs.LGOct 13

    Searching for What Matters: Open-Ended Discovery of Multiple Hypotheses with Agentic Data Exploration

    Sanchit Kabra, Nurendra Choudhary, Jiangshu Du, Eddie Huang, Danai Koutra +1

    Discovering what drives an outcome from data is central to science and often requires deciding what is worth investigating before a specific hypothesis is known. Yet most existing hypothesis generation settings substantially narrow this search by providing a research question, target relationship, or curated context. We introduce open-ended multiple hypothesis discovery, where a system receives only a large tabular dataset and an outcome and must discover multiple data-supported hypotheses without knowing in advance the relevant variables, functional forms, conditions, or number of underlying mechanisms. To study this problem, we introduce a benchmark built from structural causal models grounded in real-world data schemas, containing 351 planted hypotheses across 15 tasks and five domains, with 53--65 variables and 1M--10M rows per task. The causal model is hidden from the discovery method and retained only by the evaluator, allowing proposed hypotheses to be tested through interventions and separating observational discovery from causal validation. We further propose HypAgent, which treats the dataset as an interactive environment and performs iterative search by proposing…

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  • arXiv cs.AIOct 13

    ECMR: Evidence-Aware Deliberation Control for Multi-Agent LLM Reasoning

    Yuan Liu, Haoyue Peng, Fanliang Hu, Lei Huang, Wenli Cai

    Multi-agent Large Language Model (LLM) systems typically commit to a deliberation protocol before inference. A fixed protocol cannot allocate computation differently to resolved and unresolved instances, and it may mistake repeated support for independent confirmation. We study this failure as semantic false consensus: a confident group answer supported by narrow, duplicated, or correlated rationales. We introduce ECMR, an evidence-aware controller over frozen role-conditioned LLMs. At each step, ECMR summarizes answer concentration, support diversity and independence, contradictions, role behavior, verification history, and remaining budget, then selects whether to propose, challenge, verify, arbitrate, diversify, correct a role, or stop. We formulate this decision as finite-horizon budgeted control and derive sufficient conditions under which state conditioning, risk-triggered verification, and role correction improve cost-adjusted utility. Across a declared held-out evaluation of 9,000 records from MedQA, CaseHOLD, and FinQA, ECMR-Full increases pooled accuracy from 62.1% to 84.9%, reduces false-consensus rate from 40.7% to 17.0%, and raises evidence-support rate from 58.0% to…

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  • arXiv cs.CLOct 13

    Prefilling-dLLM v2: Learned Chunk Routing for Long-Context Diffusion Language Models

    Qi Han, Jing Xiong, Ziyuan Zhang, Ngai Wong

    Diffusion language models apply bidirectional attention over the whole context at every denoising step, so a longer context makes each step substantially more expensive. Sparsifying only at inference leaves the pretrained weights unchanged, so the model is never trained under the sparse pattern it runs with. We propose Prefilling-dLLM v2, which continues training a diffusion language model so that it routes with its native mask token. One mask is appended at the end of each chunk, and a learned role offset marks it as a routing slot. On every fourth layer, a query keeps a bidirectional local window and the top-K chunks scored from that mask; the other layers use a bidirectional sliding window. Starting from Dream-v0-Base-7B extended to 16K with YaRN, we compare Prefilling-dLLM v2 with bidirectional NSA, DSA, and SWA under the same layout, key budget, and dense initialization, using the same Fast-dLLM decoder. With the YaRN factor scaled to the evaluation length, Prefilling-dLLM v2 leads the other sparse methods on all three RULER tasks from 16K to 128K. Its mean accuracy at 128K is 7.4 points above NSA, the next sparse model, while DSA and SWA remain near zero. At the same…

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  • arXiv cs.LGOct 13

    RT-J: Large-Scale Pretraining of Relational Transformers for Context-Efficient Predictions

    Rishabh Ranjan, Vignesh Kothapalli, Harshvardhan Agarwal, Charilaos Kanatsoulis, Roshan Upendra +3

    Foundation models for tables and relational databases are increasingly used for predictive tasks across various scientific and industrial domains. However, adapting existing models to unseen datasets requires tens of thousands of examples. Here we introduce RT-J, an 86M-parameter relational foundation model (RFM) that makes accurate predictions even with hundreds of in-context examples or fewer. To achieve this, we first assemble the Join, a large collection of 639 web-crawled databases with 6,023 LLM-generated forecasting tasks. We pretrain with long contexts of up to 8,192 database cells, using in-context examples from a novel lightweight random-walk retriever. Finally, we leverage context tuning and ensembling to scale up test-time compute. On in-context regression tasks from RelBench, RT-J requires 10x fewer examples on average to match strong feature engineering pipelines with LLM-agent or RDBLearn featurizers and TabICLv2 or LightGBM predictors. Overall, our work pushes the frontier for context-efficient predictions on relational data and highlights the importance of real-world semantics, context engineering and large-scale pretraining for RFMs.

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  • arXiv cs.CVOct 13

    MicroCLIP: Connecting Text and Microscopy Images via Contrastive Language--Image Pretraining

    Yanran Ruan, Zhixiang Wei, Shiyao Hong, Xiaoxiao Ma, Yuxuan Gu +3

    Understanding fluorescence microscopy images is fundamental to automating biological research. However, existing methods typically learn predefined concepts from closed-set data, limiting transfer across tasks and biological contexts. In this work, we introduce MicroCLIP, a vision-language model that learns generalizable cellular and subcellular representations from natural language supervision for open-set image classification and retrieval. To pretrain MicroCLIP, we construct MicroPool-2M, a dataset of approximately 2.5 million fluorescence microscopy image-text pairs spanning diverse cellular structures, cell lines, and imaging conditions. Aligning microscopy images with biological concepts in natural language is challenging because most images lack descriptive captions and biological knowledge annotations. We therefore progressively establish image-text associations at three levels to provide MicroCLIP with richer semantic supervision: (1) category-level alignment links images to standardized labels defined by subcellular structure-cell-line combinations; (2) knowledge-level alignment incorporates biological priors derived from these labels to capture relationships across…

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  • arXiv cs.LGOct 13

    TStruct: Learning Shared Temporal Structures for Long-Term Time-Series Forecasting

    Yangze Li, Zhengyang Zhou, Qihe Huang, Pengkun Wang, Binwu Wang +1

    Long-term time series forecasting requires temporal dependency modeling that remains stable and generalizable under temporal distribution shifts. However, real-world time series are often noisy and non-stationary, making deep learning models prone to fitting incidental temporal interactions in the training data. A key question is whether there exist temporal relationship structures that recur across different temporal positions and variables. We analyze temporal relationship matrices on commonly used time series datasets and find that samples from different temporal positions and different variables exhibit shared dominant temporal relationship structures. This indicates that temporal relationship structures contain patterns that recur stably across samples and variables. To learn such shared structures, we propose \textbf{T}emporal \textbf{Struct}ure Network (\textbf{TStruct}), a simple yet effective network for directly learning shared and generalizable temporal dependencies. Specifically, TStruct directly parameterizes a set of shared temporal dependency matrices and generates normalized combination weights using dynamic sample information and static variable priors. These…

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  • arXiv cs.AIOct 13▲ 46

    Socratic Skill Learning: Interleaving Teaching and Practice for Transferable Agent Skills

    Letian Zhu, Han Li, Yifan Yao, Xinping Lei, Xinyu Che +7

    Agent Skills improve LLM agents by making task knowledge reusable across sessions. Learning transferable Skills requires evidence about a procedure and its conditions of use, which a successful task attempt can leave untested. We introduce Socratic Skill Learning (SSL), which interleaves expert teaching with Student practice. An Educator guides investigation while the Student remains the sole environment operator and Skill author, able to question, test, and adapt advice. To test reuse beyond the learning task, we construct SkillTransferBench, with 35 task families and 408 executable cases, pairing public variation specifications with held-out evaluation in fresh solver sessions. On the main 22-family, 155-case cohort, Fixed-Window SSL reaches 0.801 utility, versus 0.723 without a Skill, 0.761 for adapted Trace2Skill (trajectory distillation), and 0.751 for adapted SKILL-KD (contrastive distillation). Across three model pairs on shared families, interleaved guidance outperforms expert authoring and post-hoc teaching. Process analysis links guidance to Student writing and package revision; a case study shows the Student testing and refining a proposed procedure for later reuse. As…

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  • arXiv cs.CVOct 13

    Frequency Routing and Identity Conditioning for Thermal-to-Visible Face Translation

    Haojie Li, Xinlong Sun, Xiaohaoyang Lei, Kai Cheng, Yiguo Qiao +2

    Thermal-to-visible (T2V) face translation has important applications in nighttime biometric recognition, low-light surveillance, and human interpretation of thermal observations. The task remains challenging because thermal images do not directly record visible appearance, while the cross-spectral cues useful for reconstruction vary across frequency components and semantic roles. Existing spatially conditioned models tend to process these cues through a homogeneous adaptation path and do not explicitly separate local structure from global identity. We propose FreqID-Control, a parameter-efficient framework that organizes thermal guidance according to spectral reliability and semantic role while preserving the pretrained generative prior. It combines frequency-routed low-rank adaptation, which allocates separate transformation subspaces to low-frequency structure and high-frequency detail, with shared cross-spectral identity conditioning, which supplies compact global identity tokens independently of spatial thermal tokens. A controlled analysis on MCXFace and SpeakingFaces provides the empirical basis for this design, revealing stable low-frequency correspondence and…

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  • arXiv cs.LGOct 13

    MMTA: Benchmarking Multimodal Temporal Analysis with Time Series, Text, and Vision

    Ziyang Zhang, Shenyi Li, Yilin Wang, Ziyun Cui, Bowen Zhou +2

    Time-series analysis is increasingly studied in multimodal settings, yet most benchmarks pair temporal signals with text or with visualizations derived from the same signal. This leaves open whether multimodal large language models (MLLMs) can integrate time series with real-world visual evidence. We introduce MMTA (multimodal temporal analysis), a benchmark of tri-modal tasks with diverse cross-modal complementarity patterns among time series, text, and vision. MMTA spans nine domains -- robotics, autonomous driving, human action, manufacturing, AR assistance, healthcare, recommendation, finance, and climate -- under video+TS and image+TS layouts, with a 3,524-sample test split covering classification and forecasting. The benchmark standardizes heterogeneous real-world sources into a shared schema with domain-specific prompts, provenance documentation, and success-weighted metrics that penalize both wrong answers and failed generations. Evaluating eight open-source and proprietary MLLMs reveals a shared bottleneck: representing time series as text creates very long token sequences and weakens fine-grained alignment with visual evidence, especially in long-video settings. We then…

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  • arXiv cs.CVOct 13

    DVTR-KD: Distilling Vision-Language Models via Intermediate Visual Token Reconstruction

    Haolan Wei, Jiahui Wang, Junli Zha, Xinkai Lu, Yunxiao Zou +2

    Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have achieved strong performance on diverse vision-language tasks, but their computational demands limit deployment under constrained budgets, particularly on edge devices. Many works focus on Knowledge Distillation (KD) and try to transfer knowledge from powerful teacher models to students. In addition to reducing model size, visual token compression provides a complementary route to efficiency, but introduces mismatched visual token counts that complicate direct token-wise knowledge transfer. To mitigate this, we propose DVTR-KD, a knowledge distillation framework based on \textbf{D}ense \textbf{V}isual \textbf{T}oken \textbf{R}econstruction, which reconstructs the teacher's dense visual tokens from the student's compressed tokens. We reconstruct visual states after the final LLM layer and at the input to an intermediate layer identified as important for visual-information readout. At the intermediate layer, reconstruction is supervised through the teacher's response predictions rather than by direct token-wise KL or MSE matching. An auxiliary attention-readout loss complements this response-level supervision by aligning how the student…

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  • arXiv cs.LGOct 13

    Persistence Positional Encoding: A Minimal Transformer Recipe for Persistence Diagrams

    Eunwoo Heo, Ganghyun Kim, Jaejun Yoo

    Persistence diagrams (PDs) represent multiscale topological information as multisets of birth-death pairs $(b,d)$. How best to use them with Transformers, however, remains unclear. Connecting PDs to Transformers requires choosing how topological information is tokenized and exposed to self-attention. Prior methods use specialized designs for tokenization, aggregation, Transformer blocks, or attention, but are hard to compare since reported results rarely share PD inputs, splits, or model-selection rules. We instead confine the diagram-specific design to point representation, mapping each birth-death pair through fixed random Fourier features while leaving the Transformer backbone unchanged, and call this recipe Persistence Positional Encoding (PPE). In matched controls on eight TU graph benchmarks (TU8), changing only point representation shifts macro accuracy by 5.49 to 6.47 percentage points (pp), against 0.47 to 1.45 pp from changing the downstream module, identifying point representation as the dominant design variable tested. We further reevaluate vectorizations, kernels, learned representations, and Transformer-based models under one protocol with shared PD inputs, outer…

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  • arXiv cs.LGOct 13

    GeoNIRS: Geometry-Aware Pretraining for Heterogeneous fNIRS Representation Learning

    Zongsheng Li, Shengyuan Zhu, Zimo Zhang, Hanyao Li, Shengming Wang +1

    Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) provides portable and spatially localized measurements of cortical hemodynamics, but differences in channel count, probe layout, signal distribution, and task type hinder joint pretraining across datasets. We introduce GeoNIRS, a geometry-aware framework that uses source-detector locations as a shared spatial reference across heterogeneous probe layouts. GeoNIRS compresses variable-size channel sets into a fixed-size latent representation and employs bidirectional HbO/HbR cross-reconstruction with contiguous temporal masking. GeoNIRS-base is pretrained on eight heterogeneous datasets, while GeoNIRS-large scales to 22 datasets. Neither downstream data nor labels are used during pretraining, enabling evaluation under a strict cross-task setting. To our knowledge, GeoNIRS is the first fNIRS framework to explicitly model physical channel geometry during joint pretraining across heterogeneous channel configurations, and the first to provide complete source code and downloadable pretrained checkpoints. We evaluate GeoNIRS on eight held-out tasks spanning clinical and auditory assessment, pain and affective processing, semantic decoding, and…

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  • arXiv cs.CVOct 13

    What Makes a Good Visual Representation for Spatial Understanding in MLLMs?

    Xiaohu Huang, Yumin Guo, Kai Han

    Spatial understanding is a necessary step in moving multimodal large language models (MLLMs) toward reasoning about the 3D physical world. Their visual pretraining data, however, is almost entirely 2D, so the visual tokens processed by MLLMs often lack inherent 3D structural information. A growing number of methods inject such structure by transferring representations from external vision or geometry models, and collectively establish that such transfer helps. Behind these methods lies a largely underexplored question: what makes a visual representation good for spatial understanding? To answer it, we first separate what is transferred from how it is transferred, and then trace the resulting differences back to properties of the representations themselves. What we transfer comes from 3D geometry models, self-supervised image and video models, vision-language models, and generative models, in the form of latent features or explicit depth and point maps. We transfer it either by distillation, using it as a supervision target, or by fusion, feeding it as an additional input. We find that a representation's 3D structure correlates strongly with how much it helps, measured by…

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  • arXiv cs.AIOct 13

    Why Static Skill Inconsistencies Do Not Equate to Runtime Risks: A Behavioral Analysis of LLM Agent Execution

    Fengrui Fan, Huahao Wang, Jingyi Fang, Yutao Hu, Yueming Wu +1

    LLM agent frameworks heavily rely on external skill assets to standardize tool usage, encode operational workflows, and supply executable runtime resources. Despite their widespread adoption, multi-component skill packages frequently suffer from cross-artifact inconsistencies, where documentation, scripts, and configuration files specify conflicting behavioral constraints. Although static auditing techniques can uncover such contractual discrepancies, static defect volume cannot reliably reflect real-world agent performance degradation. This gap leaves practitioners without rigorous evidence to assess the practical risk of flawed agent skills. This paper presents a systematic empirical study to demystify the runtime implications of skill inconsistencies. We conduct large-scale auditing over 575 community and benchmark skills, yielding 1,182 manually validated contract inconsistencies. We further build a controlled evaluation pipeline with 49 executable agent tasks and three representative LLMs across NoSkill, OriginalSkill, and FixedSkill experimental settings. Through fine-grained behavioral analysis of 441 paired execution trajectories, we quantify the actual performance…

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  • arXiv cs.IROct 13

    FASHION-RQ: Mining Hierarchical Semantic Structure for Automated Evaluation of Fashion Retrieval

    Tripti Shukla, Shwetha Somasundaram, Akshat Gupta, Rohit Garg, Paul Duff +1

    Evaluating fashion retrieval systems remains challenging due to the limited availability of benchmarks that capture the fine-grained, open-ended queries encountered in real-world search and recommendation. Existing benchmarks often rely on manual curation, predefined taxonomies, or synthetic prompts, limiting scalability and semantic coverage. We introduce FASHION-RQ: Mining Hierarchical Semantic Structure for Automated Evaluation of Fashion Retrieval, an automated framework that derives user-type queries and relevance sets directly from catalog structure. Our key insight is that hierarchical discrete representations learned by Residual Quantized Variational Autoencoders (RQ-VAE) organize products into semantically coherent clusters at progressively finer granularities. We leverage this structure to construct FASHION-RQBENCH, a scalable benchmark without manual query annotation or predefined taxonomies. We propose four complementary tasks for evaluating ranking, relevance classification, fine-grained sibling discrimination, and paraphrase robustness, alongside query- and attribute-level relevance metrics. Experiments across recent retrieval models demonstrate that FASHION-RQBENCH…

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