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ByteTrail · AI and developer-tools intelligence
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Fields · this week
All fields3789Multimodal598Agents564Frontier LLMs485Inference & serving291Image segmentation192Graph learning183Learning verifiable rewards1763D scene174Evals108Voice AI106Classifier & causal discovery90Flow matching86Forecasting time86Training & fine-tuning64Teacher policy distillation59All 32 fields

Rising research topics

Coming with more sources: more tagged papers
  • Federated learning52+40.5%
  • Agents564+8.7%
  • Frontier LLMs485+1.3%
  • Inference & serving291−5.5%
  • Forecasting time86−5.5%
  • Character recognition OCR17−5.6%
  • Sensing communication15−6.2%
  • 3D scene174−6.5%

Open problems across fields

  • General in-context learning for embodied agents1 paper raises it · 0 address it

    Enables models to adapt to new tasks and environments without retraining, improving robustness in real-world deployment.

    • Has GPT-6-Astra Achieved Embodied Intelligence?raises
  • Cost and latency in embodied control loops1 paper raises it · 0 address it

    High computational and time costs limit real-time applicability of agentic systems in dynamic environments.

    • Has GPT-6-Astra Achieved Embodied Intelligence?raises
  • Physical-state verification and failure recovery1 paper raises it · 0 address it

    Agents must reliably detect and correct errors in physical interactions to avoid irreversible failures in real-world tasks.

    • Has GPT-6-Astra Achieved Embodied Intelligence?raises
  • Long-horizon task preservation in embodied agents1 paper raises it · 0 address it

    Maintaining progress over extended sequences is critical for complex, multi-step tasks in robotics and navigation.

    • Has GPT-6-Astra Achieved Embodied Intelligence?raises
  • Open-source stacks for generalist computer-use agents1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it

    Closed systems hinder reproducibility and systematic study of agent design for real-world computer tasks.

    • OpenGCUA: Toward a Fully Open Stack for Generalist Computer Useraises · addresses

Named by an AI from these papers' abstracts.

Papers

  • arXiv cs.AIOct 19

    M-Plan: Comprehensive Planning For LLM Agents with Memory Arrangement

    Ziyang Liu, Jiakang Yuan, Jiayuan Fan, Tao Chen

    Large language model (LLM)-based agents have recently demonstrated outstanding performance in single-turn tasks, yet they continue to struggle with long-horizon tasks, particularly in environments without prior training. A key limitation of single LLMs is their difficulty in processing long contexts, which stems from weaknesses in continuous decision-making and reasoning capabilities. Although existing multi-agent systems (MAS) equipped with long-term memory bases can partially address this gap, they mostly rely on knowledge reuse or summarization, an approach that is often constrained by directly retrieval without any adaptation for the current task, while the retrieved memory may contain much history noises waiting to be preprocessed. In contrast, MAS characterized by task-specific guidance often lack long-term memory specifically designed for the guidance. To address these challenges, we propose M-Plan, a closed-loop MAS framework that integrates long-term and short-term memory. By combining global-local and past-current guidance, M-Plan enhances agents' performance on multi-turn tasks while maintaining a plug-and-play design. During task execution, agents receive…

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  • arXiv cs.CVOct 19

    BrushOff: Stroke-Based Re-rendering as a Watermark Removal Attack on Painting

    Hao Chen, Junnan Xu

    Invisible watermarks are used to mark who owns a painting. We show that a simple attack removes the most robust one we test. The attack redraws the watermarked painting with brush strokes, using a pretrained stroke-based renderer. We call this attack BrushOff. It needs no training, no knowledge of the watermark, and no generative model. We test four watermarks on 500 paintings from five styles. VINE, a recent watermark built to survive image editing, survives all 14 conventional distortions we test, with at least 97.8% detection. Repainting lowers its detection to 1.8%, while the output keeps a no-reference quality score close to that of the clean paintings. Diffusion regeneration can also remove VINE, but at the same removal level it moves the image twice as far from the painting in DreamSim distance, and it changes what the painting shows. Because the renderer draws a countable number of strokes, we can control the attack strength step by step. Finally, we test what kind of signal survives. A simple probe that stores bits in the relative brightness of neighboring regions survives repainting, while a probe that uses absolute brightness does not. The same probe fails under…

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  • arXiv cs.CVOct 19▲ 9

    From Short Clips to Real-Time Streams: Identity-Aware Supervision and Context-Efficient Generation for Video Face Swapping

    Zekai Luo, Yuwei Liang, Ruiqi Ma, Haoyu Huang, Xuehao Wang +6

    Video face swapping transfers the reference identity to a target video while preserving its other attributes and motion. Despite recent progress in reference-guided flow-based methods, jointly achieving faithful identity transfer, high fidelity, and real-time generation over long video streams remains challenging. To address this challenge, we rethink the task-specific structure of reference-guided video face swapping. First, face swapping changes only identity while preserving most visual content, yet flow-matching supervision is weakly sensitive to these changes. We therefore develop Joint Rec-ID Loss, which balances explicit identity supervision and latent reconstruction according to the noise level. Second, the target video already provides non-edited attributes and temporal dynamics, enabling generation with fewer spatial tokens and shorter temporal contexts through Face-RoI Generation and Short-Context Rollout Training. By integrating these designs, we propose StreamingSwap, a reference-guided flow-matching framework for real-time streaming video face swapping. We also introduce HumanFaceVid, comprising 1,000 hours of cinematic training data and evaluation sets of 200 short…

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  • arXiv cs.AIOct 19

    StepBench: Diagnosing Real-World Procedural Understanding in AI Agents

    Hossein A. Rahmani, Bin Wu, Chaeeun Lee, Fanghua Ye, Sahan Bulathwela +4

    Evaluating an agent's planning ability remains challenging for open-domain tasks, where verifying procedures through execution is often impractical. Existing evaluations typically assess only the final plan and do not distinguish procedural errors such as missing, incorrect, or misordered actions. We introduce STEPBENCH, a benchmark of 6,885 verified procedures crawled from wikiHow across 81 open-domain categories. From each procedure, we derive 5 diagnostic tasks: four with deterministic answers involving withheld, incorrect, or shuffled steps, and one requiring next-step generation. We additionally evaluate full-plan generation to examine how diagnostic performance correlates with end-to-end plan validity. Using the same procedures across tasks lets us directly compare different planning capabilities. For generation, STEPEVAL identifies critical failures that prevent goal completion. Across 14 configurations of 12 models, we find substantial differences across planning capabilities, with step ordering proving the most difficult: the strongest model correctly orders only 63.0% of procedures, dropping to 33.1% for those with nine or more steps. Incorrect-step detection also…

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  • arXiv cs.LGOct 19

    Which Model for Which Role? Cost-Efficient Pareto Recommendation for LLM Agentic Workflows

    Qian Xie, Wenyue Hua, Yueli He, Sripad Karne, Armaan Agrawal +5

    LLM agentic workflows increasingly employ different models for specialized roles. Users may prefer different trade-offs between task quality and deployment cost, sometimes also considering latency. Finding good assignments incurs a separate search cost from evaluating multiple candidates. We introduce Cost-Coupled Gittins (CC-Gittins), a multi-objective extension of single-objective cost-aware Gittins search for Pareto recommendation. It exploits the coupling between evaluation and deployment costs: assignments that cost more to deploy also cost more to evaluate. The search alternates between seeking higher quality and lower deployment cost, reusing each evaluation to inform both searches. After each batch, CC-Gittins recommends assignments that are nondominated under uncertainty-adjusted estimates of quality and deployment cost. We evaluate CC-Gittins on eight quality--cost matrices from workflows with two to five roles and up to 1,681 candidate assignments. We also evaluate the method with latency as a third objective. Across the eight benchmarks, CC-Gittins recovers a substantial fraction of the true Pareto frontier at roughly 10% of the exhaustive-evaluation cost, and…

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  • arXiv cs.LGOct 19

    PACT: Plan-Augmented Coordination via Trace-Graphs for Dynamic Multi-Agent Combinatorial Optimization

    Xiao Zhou, Alex Schutz, Victor-Alexandru Darvariu, Nick Hawes

    Multi-agent approaches have been investigated recently as a means of improving the scalability of reinforcement learning for neural combinatorial optimization. Existing methods assume that all problem instance information is known upfront. However, real-world problems are often dynamic: relevant information is progressively revealed as the agents take actions (e.g., arriving at an edge in a routing problem only to discover it is untraversable). In such cases, existing methods fail to coordinate agents to explore and exploit the progressively revealed information. To address the arising coordination challenge, we introduce PACT (Plan-Augmented Coordination via Trace-graphs). PACT augments the environment graph with auxiliary nodes representing the plans of agents, which are connected to the resource nodes to indicate future dependencies. The proposed message-passing scheme over the augmented graph grounds inter-agent coordination in the environment and enables proactive, rather than reactive, conflict resolution. We show that PACT improves solution quality in dynamic problems relative to baselines and exhibits the best transfer to larger instances on which, remarkably, it…

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  • arXiv cs.LGOct 19

    Nested Shared-Operator Recursion on ARC-AGI-1: An Empirical Study of HRM, TRM and URM

    Sara Neri, Eugenio Gaeta, Andrea Ceschini, Andrea Facchinetti, Giuseppe Fico

    Recursive reasoning models refine persistent internal states by repeatedly applying learned operators. We investigate whether adding a persistent intermediate state that integrates repeated updates of a faster state through the same operator improves predictive performance relative to each model family's baseline at matched parameter counts. We define this organisation operationally and implement it within three architectures: the Hierarchical Reasoning Model (HRM), Tiny Recursive Model (TRM) and Universal Reasoning Model (URM). Using the official codebases on ARC-AGI-1, we compare each baseline with its parameter-matched nested variant. We evaluate held-out queries from tasks whose demonstrations were available during training. The experiments use a single-GPU budget far below the published training protocols. Under the tested conditions, nested variants show no consistent advantage in token accuracy, predictive loss or exact solving, which remains near zero for all configurations. The results therefore leave the hypothesis open. We specify a confirmatory comparison, with an informative baseline, multiple seeds, controls that isolate nesting and predefined criteria, to determine…

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  • arXiv cs.AIOct 19

    Honeypots for AI Agent Insider Threats

    Jan Wehner, Jam Kraprayoon

    AI agents deployed inside organizations can pose an insider threat if they make mistakes, are compromised by an attacker, or pursue misaligned objectives. We propose honeypots as an AI control method to improve the security of internal agent deployments. Rather than only using honeypots for pre-deployment evaluations, defenders should plant decoy opportunities for harmful actions throughout the production environment to detect misbehavior, incriminate malicious agents, and deter attacks. Such honeypots can elicit misbehavior under real deployment conditions, identify malicious agents even if chain-of-thought monitorability degrades, provide reliable warnings about agent misbehavior to security teams, and scale cheaply to many agent instances. The presence of honeypots also introduces uncertainty about which opportunities are real, thus deterring malicious agents from attacking and reducing the rate of misbehavior. We discuss the limitations of honeypots and give reasons to expect them to remain effective as agent capabilities increase. Finally, we outline key research questions to measure and improve the effectiveness of honeypots: testing the robustness of honeypots, comparing…

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  • arXiv cs.CVOct 19

    CaptionFuse: Training-Free Composed Product Retrieval Via VLM Intent Captioning and Weighted Embedding Fusion

    Zhao Gao, Mina Metias, Mohamed Noordeen Alaudeen, Bassel Saleh

    Composed Image Retrieval (CIR) retrieves products matching a reference image modified by natural language---a core capability for eCommerce search. Existing training-free methods fuse CLIP embeddings via arithmetic, but we identify a fundamental limitation: user text modifications are attribute-sparse---a user who types ``make it red with shorter sleeves'' specifies what to change but not what to keep (the floral pattern, the V-neck, the fit-and-flare silhouette). We introduce language-space fusion: a Vision-Language Model (VLM) jointly interprets the reference image and modification to generate a visually grounded product-title caption---e.g., ``Red floral fit-and-flare dress with short sleeves and V-neck''---that fills in the missing attributes from the image. Our method, CaptionFuse, requires no task-specific training and is model-agnostic. A controlled experiment confirms that attribute content--- not linguistic style---drives the gains: imperative and descriptive captions with identical attributes achieve equal R@10, while both outperform raw modifications by +6.5 points.

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  • arXiv cs.AIOct 19

    AllPath: Layered Verification for a Deployed, Self-Revising LLM Trading Agent under Human-Gated and Autonomous Regimes

    Tian Zhang, Meng Li

    LLM trading agents are evaluated almost exclusively in backtests and autonomous benchmark harnesses. Deployment, where actions are irreversible, raises a different question: who verifies the agent's actions, and which failures can each verifier structurally catch? We report on AllPath, a personal LLM trading agent deployed against a live paper-brokerage account. The system watches positions through a deterministic rules engine, and each night it reviews its own day and proposes revisions to its own trading strategies. Verification is split across three layers. Code verifies what must not depend on judgment: deterministic gates enforce risk limits and block any strategy revision that fails an integrity check. The agent verifies itself within fixed bounds: its nightly review has an iteration cap and no tools that can act. A human verifies judgment, through approval screens that show the current state of each proposal. We also compared two verification policies for the agent's self-revisions on the live system: two and a half weeks with every self-revision human-gated, then five weeks with reflection revisions auto-applied behind the same code gates, while the operator's chat…

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  • arXiv cs.AIOct 19

    Tandem: Serving Hybrid Linear-Attention GUI Agents on Mobile NPUs

    Zhuomin Chen, Jingchao Ni, Xu Zheng, Yong Chen, Mo Sha +2

    Smartphone GUI agents complete tasks in mobile apps by repeatedly reading the screen and asking a model for the next action. Mobile neural processing units (NPUs) enable local execution, keeping screen contents on the phone, but model latency accumulates with every action. Hybrid linear attention models reduce memory requirements, yet reusing their recurrent state requires checkpoints at the appropriate input positions. Agent requests retain instructions but rewrite recent history, so checkpoint policies designed for chat continuation can miss reusable prefixes. Retaining rollback states for speculative decoding can also move prompt processing off the NPU's matrix unit, adding overhead that outweighs decoding savings on short action outputs. A loaded model can further hold the NPU awake between tasks. We present Tandem, a runtime for hybrid GUI agents on mobile NPUs. Tandem saves recurrent state where consecutive prompts diverge, allowing later requests to reuse previously processed context. It keeps most prefill on the matrix unit and produces rollback states through a short per-token tail. Its verification kernel reads each weight block once for all proposed tokens. Between…

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  • arXiv cs.CVOct 19

    SpatialScout: Can VLM Agents Actively Explore and Map 3D Scenes?

    Zhaoxi Zhang, Hao Liang, Linxuan Wu, Yiming Wu, Yifu Yuan +5

    Spatial intelligence requires agents to actively acquire visual evidence and integrate observations into a coherent representation of the three-dimensional world. Yet spatial question answering offers limited evidence of whether models can construct accurate metric maps through autonomous exploration. We introduce SpatialScout, a benchmark for evaluating vision-language model (VLM) agents on active object-level 3D mapping. SpatialScout comprises 80 diverse indoor scenes containing 3,140 target objects. Given an object inventory, RGB observations, camera calibration, and camera poses, agents control a camera to explore each scene and estimate object centers in a shared coordinate frame. The task requires coordinating viewpoint selection, cross-view association, geometric estimation, and map revision under bounded interaction budgets. Evaluation jointly measures localization accuracy and target coverage through object-scale overlap scores that penalize missing predictions. Experiments with frontier VLMs reveal substantial limitations: the strongest evaluated model, Claude Opus 5.5, achieves a mean overlap score of 41.71%, with 47.23% of targets exceeding an intersection-over-union…

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  • arXiv cs.CLOct 19

    The Development of Sycophancy in Language Models: Tracing Vulnerabilities from Pretraining to Post-Training

    Haonan Huang, Chengkun Cai

    Language models can change a committed answer to accommodate a user's opinion or pushback without new evidence. However, when this behaviour develops during training and what a released model inherits from earlier stages remain unclear. We follow 741 checkpoints of 30 open model lineages, from early pretraining to released models. We plant initial verdicts on moral scenarios and measure how far a model follows a user's stated opinion or abandons its verdict under pressure. In most lineages the behaviour is present before post-training, and its average strength changes in either direction, at different stages across lineages. A clearer pattern emerges at the level of individual questions. Beyond responses without pressure, pretraining behaviour predicts little of which questions a released model yields on. That pattern forms during post-training: on routes with supervised fine-tuning, the fine-tuning checkpoint predicts part of it and the preference-optimization checkpoint most of it. A sibling trained from the same base along another route predicts far less: for Tülu-3 8B, its own preference-stage checkpoint removes 85% of the remaining prediction error, a sibling 19%. Internal…

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  • arXiv cs.LGOct 19

    The Effectiveness and Durability of Pretraining Data Filtering in Protein Language Models

    Aaron Maiwald, Roderick McNeill, Jaeyoung Lee, Matthew A. Clarke, Lennart Justen +7

    Pretraining filtering is one of the most common safeguards for open-weight language models. Here we study its effectiveness, durability and scalability using the ESM-2 family of protein language models. We find that filtering viral proteins from the pretraining data meaningfully degrades masked language modelling, mutation effect prediction and long-range contact prediction on viral proteins, while largely preserving performance on non-viral proteins. These effects are concentrated among proteins from human-infecting viruses, and grow as we scale models from 8M to 3B parameters. As models increase in size, we find that stringent filtering becomes more effective. However, fine-tuning on sequences from the removed viral families restores the lost performance. Although the cost to recover performance increases with model scale, even for the largest models it costs about 80 USD of H100 time. This work establishes pretraining filtering as moderately effective at selectively degrading performance on viral proteins, but not durable against fine-tuning with modest computational resources and access to relevant data.

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  • arXiv cs.AIOct 19

    From Outcomes to Components: A Counterfactual Evaluation Framework for LLM-Proposed Repairs

    Hengyu Ye, Songhua Hu

    A repair action proposed by a large language model (LLM) specifies which records to change and how to change their values. A failed action may still contain a useful choice of records or a useful update, depending on how the two are paired. We introduce a counterfactual evaluation framework that separates selected records (targets) from the applied change (an update). Four executions combine proposed and reference targets and updates to measure the effects of correcting or retaining each component and their interaction. We evaluate the framework on two tasks: traffic assignment, where affected demand must be identified from road counts, and database repair, where affected rows must be identified from aggregate reports. An injected fault supplies a reference action that reverses it, and the recovery rate measures an action's loss reduction relative to that reference. For sparse-target actions in the traffic experiments, retaining the proposed update on reference targets achieves 79.4% of the reference loss reduction, compared with 43.7% from tuning update strength on the proposed targets. In the database experiments, update replacement worsens 17 of 108 actions, all selecting…

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  • arXiv cs.CYOct 19

    Reasoning-Aware Multicalibrated Reliability Predictors for Language Models

    Ekaterina Fedorova, Alessandro Morosini, Chara Podimata

    As people increasingly rely on large language models (LLMs) for information, model providers need to communicate meaningful estimates of whether individual responses are correct or, more generally, reliable. In the context of hallucinations, existing work uses multicalibration to make such reliability predictions meaningful across application-relevant groups, such as prompt topics. Topic groups alone, however, can conceal systematic errors: within the same topic and confidence level, responses with different chain-of-thought (CoT) properties may exhibit opposing errors that cancel on average. In this work, we introduce reasoning-aware multicalibration, a framework that supplements application-relevant topic groups with groups derived from observable properties of CoT traces. We highlight that, theoretically, groupings based on CoT are "internally important", i.e., groupings for which the multicalibration guarantee is not societally crucial as it is for high-risk topics, but whose inclusion in the multicalibration procedure could easily and significantly improve predictive accuracy of the final reliability predictor. Empirically, we apply our framework to hallucination prediction…

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  • arXiv cs.CVOct 19

    Dual-Scale Condition-Shift Editing for Robust Real-World Image Demoiréing

    Shiyang Zhou, Haijin Zeng, Congpei Qiu, Zhengcen Li, Ping Chen +4

    Robust demoiréing of screen-recaptured images remains challenging: moiré varies in frequency, color, and spatial support across display-camera pairs and capture conditions. Dedicated restoration networks trained on finite paired data struggle with this diversity, especially when low-frequency color banding and high-frequency stripes co-occur. We present DemoiréEdit, a content-preserving editing framework that adapts the natural-image prior of a pretrained flow-matching editor to demoiréing. First, an endpoint-supervised training objective supplements velocity matching with pixel, perceptual, and frequency-domain restoration losses. Second, a dual-scale condition-shift strategy performs global correction at low resolution, then refines the image at full resolution by shifting the denoising condition from the first-stage output to the original input for detail recovery. We also introduce DailyMoiré130, a benchmark of challenging moiré in everyday screen photography, comprising 130 smartphone captures across diverse displays with low-frequency color banding, fine high-frequency stripes, and mixed-frequency interference. On the challenging DailyMoiré130 benchmark, our method achieves…

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  • arXiv cs.AIOct 19

    Revision-Based Learning from Interactive Experience and Feedback

    Jiawen Li, Chenming Ge, Alice Gao, Rishab Vempati, Yi-Hao Peng +1

    Code generation models are increasingly used to produce interactive artifacts, such as websites and user interfaces. Many properties that determine whether these interfaces are useful only become apparent through realistic interaction, making them difficult to incorporate into model training. In this paper, we introduce RELIEF (REvision-based Learning from Interactive Experience and Feedback), a method for improving code generation models using feedback on their generated interfaces. RELIEF uses a coding agent to revise these interfaces, then incorporates the improvements into their original generation traces to produce supervision for fine-tuning. To evaluate RELIEF, we collected a dataset of 200 synthetically generated websites paired with 355 interaction recordings and accompanying feedback from 24 users. We used critiques derived from code inspection, automated interaction, explicit human feedback, and human interaction recordings to fine-tune variants of two code generation models. Our results show that feedback effectiveness varies with base model capabilities, with critiques inferred from human interaction recordings leading to the largest usability improvements overall…

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  • arXiv cs.AIOct 19

    When the harness decides success: state that cannot be re-observed

    Raimondas Lencevicius

    Agent harnesses decide what a language model sees across turns: they drop old turns, summarize them, or replay the model's own earlier reasoning. We ask when these choices change whether an agent succeeds, not only what it costs, and report three findings. First, in a pre-registered synthetic probe, truncating the context window costs a low-cost reasoning model nothing in success when a needed fact can be looked up again (it looks the fact up instead), but drops its success to chance when the fact cannot be re-observed: the two penalties differ by 92.5 percentage points (90% CI [89.5, 95.5]). A pre-registered replication on one model from a second provider showed the same contrast. Once the fact was lost, that model chose no answer rather than guessing. Second, on ARC-AGI-3, where the benchmark's Standard harness trails its Provider Adapter harness by a wide margin, we decompose that gap one component at a time, for one model on four games. Summarizing old turns instead of dropping them, while keeping the Standard harness's invitation to take notes, recovers 86% of a 63-point gap without replaying the model's reasoning. The same harness without the invitation recovers 43%, and…

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  • arXiv cs.LGOct 19

    VaDar: Implicit Goal Conditioning via Value Disaggregation

    Shashwat Saxena, Mehul Goel, Sreyas Venkataraman, Sarvesh Patil, Max Simchowitz

    Long-horizon tasks are important for modern AI and robotics, yet pose a challenge for reinforcement learning. Historically, a popular approach has been to decompose a task into subgoals, and learn a subgoal-conditioned policy to execute each subtask in sequence. We introduce an alternative called Value Disaggregation (VaDar), which trains a single subgoal-independent policy to maximize a linear combination of per-subgoal critic values. Because subgoal information is needed only at training-time, VaDar removes the need for possibly costly or cumbersome subgoal-selection during policy deployment. Moreover, through careful experiments, we show that VaDar (1) is always competitive with, and frequently outperforms, natural baselines like goal-conditioning and (2) succeeds on tasks with non-sequential goal structure and multiple optimization objectives. In particular, VaDar is the first algorithm to solve challenging, long-horizon tasks in the RoboCasa suite, even when starting from a policy pretrained from behavior cloning with near-zero initial task success. Taken together, VaDar's successes suggest that subgoal information benefits actor-critic reinforcement learning by enhancing…

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