Research

• arXiv cs.CVOct 20

  WaveSpec: Multi-Spectral Iris Presentation Attack Detection via Wavelength-Conditioned Spectral Coherence Adaptation

  Raghavendra Ramachandra

  Multispectral iris presentation attack detection benefits from observing the same iris across multiple near-infrared wavelengths, but existing methods often use wavelength information mainly for conditioning or fusion. This can limit their ability to explicitly model whether the spectral response of a sample is coherent across bands. In this paper, we propose \textbf{WaveSpec}, a multispectral iris PAD framework that performs feature-level spectral coherence adaptation. Each NIR band is first encoded with a DINOv2 backbone. The proposed Set Conditioned Spectral Coherence Adapter then updates each band feature using the consensus of the available spectral set, the band-specific deviation from that consensus, and wavelength identity. The adapted features are projected into structural, spectral, and anomaly representations, adaptively pooled, and classified as bona fide or attack. We evaluate WaveSpec on the MSIrPAD benchmark under a strict cross-artefact protocol, where the model is trained with one presentation attack instrument and tested on unseen attacks. WaveSpec reduces the average D-EER from 8.45\% for SpectraIrisPAD to 3.33\%, and reduces average BPCER@APCER=1\% from…

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• arXiv eess.SPOct 19

  Physics-Driven Framework for QoS-Constrained Satellite System with Non-Linear PA Distortion

  Hamza Ahmed Qureshi, Abuzar Babikir Mohammad Adam, Vu Nguyen Ha, Konstantinos Ntontin, Symeon Chatzinotas

  This work develops a physics-driven self-supervised graph learning framework that directly optimizes the distortion-aware precoder under nonlinear correlated power amplifier (PA) distortion, without relying on expensive optimizer-generated labels for a user-centric satellite system. We minimize nonlinear PA consumption subject to user quality-of-service (QoS) constraints under PA nonlinearity for a downlink multi-input-single-output (MISO) satellite system. Our pipeline jointly designs the precoder and admission control that minimize nonlinear PA consumed power. In particular, a graph neural network (GNN) for the design of a distortion-aware precoder is optimized end-to-end in a self-supervised manner using a differentiable Itô-Hermite model of the true modified Rapp amplifier model. The precoder output by the GNN is used to initialize a low-complexity distortion-aware signal-to-interference-distortion (SINDR) tracking algorithm that jointly optimizes for power and admission control. Our proposed physics-based pipeline closely tracks a successive convex approximation (SCA) based solution in consumed power performance with the advantage of faster runtime and a wide operating range…

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• arXiv eess.SPOct 18

  RAIL-5G: A Challenging Real-World Dataset and Benchmark for AI-Based 5G Indoor Localization

  Jonas Pirkl, Andreas Eidloth, Maximilian Kasparek, Tobias Feigl, Christopher Mutschler

  Reliable radio-based indoor localization is essential for industrial automation, yet existing methods are often evaluated in environments that do not fully reflect the severe multipath and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) conditions encountered in real deployments. This limits our understanding of how AI, i.e., modern geometric, unsupervised, and semi-supervised localization methods generalize to industrial 5G settings. We present RAIL-5G, a public real-world 5G NR channel impulse response (CIR) benchmark recorded in an operational railway maintenance facility. RAIL-5G covers an 811m$^2$ indoor area with eight distributed radio units, robot-mounted user equipment (UE) trajectories, high-accuracy iGPS reference positions, and severe metal-induced multipath caused by train compartments and maintenance infrastructure. We benchmark geometric time-difference of arrival (TDoA), supervised fingerprinting, unsupervised channel charting, and self-supervised wireless pretraining methods. Our results highlight the difficulty of RAIL-5G: on the full dataset, TDoA reaches 7.02m mean average error (MAE), the best unsupervised method reaches 2.46m, and supervised fingerprinting achieves 0.52m.…

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• arXiv eess.SPOct 18

  ChronoChart: Setup-Agnostic Channel Charting for Label-Free Indoor Localization

  Majid Sharghi Foroushani, Jonas Pirkl, Jonathan Ott, Maximilian Stahlke, George Yammine +2

  Accurate radio-based indoor localization remains challenging in multipath-rich and dynamic indoor environments. Supervised fingerprinting methods achieve high positioning accuracy by learning mappings from radio channel measurements to physical locations, but require costly position labels and frequent recalibration. Channel Charting (CC) addresses this limitation by learning low-dimensional representations of Channel State Information (CSI) without position labels, yielding channel charts in which nearby points correspond to nearby physical locations. However, prominent CC methods rely on setup-specific dissimilarity metrics, such as ADP-, CIRA-, or PDR-based distances, and on precomputed $O(n^2)$ distance matrices, limiting scalability and transferability across radio systems. We propose ChronoChart, a timestamp-supervised CC framework that requires only CSI and timestamps without prior knowledge for training. Our method jointly optimizes complementary objectives: a triplet loss using temporally derived positive and negative samples to establish coarse global structure, a temporal-proximity loss that promotes smooth trajectories in the chart, and a joint-embedding loss that…

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• arXiv cs.LGOct 18

  TrustAgent-RFF: Agentic Diagnostic Planning for Reliable RF Fingerprinting under Domain Shift

  Chuan Liu, Tianya Zhao, Xuyu Wang

  Radio frequency fingerprinting (RFF) models can achieve accuracy under source domain conditions but become unreliable when the receiver, distance, collection day, or environment changes. Incorrect predictions in unseen domains may receive high softmax confidence, making confidence thresholding insufficient for trustworthy deployment. We propose TrustAgent-RFF, a prediction level reliability framework for RFF that operates with a frozen in-phase and quadrature (I/Q) classifier without target domain labels. For each device prediction, the framework acquires radio frequency evidence: counterfactual stability, prototype consistency, acquisition domain similarity, and signal quality. A source calibrated trust estimator combines these diagnostics with classifier confidence, prediction margin, and evidence availability indicators. Source derived lower tail penalties and cross module interactions reduce trust when diagnostic signals indicate weak support. A large language model (LLM) based planner adaptively selects the next diagnostic action based on evidence, trust state, action costs, and remaining budget. A deterministic source calibrated decision layer updates the prediction state…

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• arXiv cs.NIOct 16

  LoopHIL: Looping Hardware into LLM-assisted Agents for Wireless Embedded Systems

  Dhairya Shah, Spanddhana Sara, Savitha Viswanadh Kandala, Ambuj Varshney

  LLM agents are widely used for software development and debugging, but their adoption in embedded systems, especially for wireless tasks, remains limited. This is because embedded development requires hardware-in-the-loop testing. Agents cannot directly observe the spectrum, probe pins, or measure power, so they cannot verify wireless link functionality; currently, human engineers perform this verification. We systematically evaluate whether LLM agents can establish wireless links when provided with hardware access. We introduce LoopHIL, a framework that lets agents control a multi-device RF bench, monitor it with a spectrum analyzer, logic analyzer, and energy meter, and validate links against a verification ladder, all within code-enforced safety limits. Across four increasingly complex tasks, from generating a carrier to backscatter decoding by a commercial receiver, and using six models from two vendors, hardware-in-the-loop increases task completion rates from 54% to 79% and from 17% to 83% on the most challenging task. It also halves task time and output tokens. With debugging tools, agents decrease tag power consumption by up to 96%. However, small models often report…

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• arXiv cs.LGOct 16

  When Magnitude Suffices: Reconstructing Time-Domain-Gated Microwave Signals Without Phase on a Thoracic Phantom

  Maciej Cichoń, Patrycja Gołaś, Maksymilian Bartosik, Angelika Walczak, Agata Bielecka-Dąbrowa +1

  Time-domain gating separates the arrivals that form a microwave S-parameter measurement. It requires the measurement of complex values, so this application almost always uses a vector network analyzer (VNA). We show that, on one calibrated measurement configuration, the gated magnitude the VNA would give can be reconstructed from a magnitude-only sweep of a spectrum analyzer with a tracking generator (SA). We select the gate center for separability of the measured states, correct each instrument once by a per-bin subtraction of a reference state, and train a fully connected network on sweeps from both instruments. The test object is a torso phantom with lung-shaped compartments whose filling takes eleven dielectric states, each held out in turn. On $S_{11}$ the reconstruction from SA input reaches a shape error of 0.08 dB$^2$ with a state ordering of 0.81. This matches the reconstruction from VNA input. On $S_{21}$ it reaches 0.82 dB$^2$ and keeps the ordered groups of the states. An explicit phase prediction performs much worse, because gating needs the phase to about 0.2 rad RMS. Across eleven measurement configurations the dependence of phase on magnitude is strong for…

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• arXiv cs.LGComputer visionOct 15

  Scene Reconstruction Using Ubiquitous Wireless Signals via Diffusion Posterior Inference Over physics-Grounded Representations

  Vahid Yazdnian, Yasaman Ghasempour

  Knowing the layout of the physical world matters for many applications, yet the sensors we rely on for it (e.g., cameras and LiDAR) can fail in darkness, in adverse weather, or behind walls. Wireless signals do not face these limitations: every link between a base station and a user is shaped by the buildings it passes, reflects from, or is blocked by, leaving information about the surrounding scene embedded in the wireless channel measured at the endpoints. However, mapping channel measurements to the environment is a severely ill-posed problem: a measurement records only the structures that interact with the transmitted electromagnetic waves along its propagation paths, and even these observations can often be explained by multiple plausible scenes. We therefore formulate wireless scene reconstruction as posterior inference and develop a hierarchical framework with two complementary stages to approach this problem. A wireless foundation model, pretrained to respect propagation physics, transforms each channel measurement into a representation of the scene structure that shaped the observation. A diffusion model then jointly integrates representations from multiple measurements…

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• arXiv cs.ITOct 15

  Uncertainty-Aware Federated Learning for Joint Communication and Computation in XR Systems

  Robert-Jeron Reifert, Hayssam Dahrouj, Alaa Alameer Ahmad, Haris Gacanin, Aydin Sezgin

  The convergence of communication and computation, empowered by artificial intelligence (AI) enhanced capabilities, emerges as a key enabler for realizing the promising functionalities of the sixth-generation of communication systems (6G). To this end, this paper investigates an AI-native, robust network, where multiple base stations (BSs) simultaneously serve several extended reality (XR) devices. The paper then presents an innovative distributed deep learning-based approach to simultaneously manage the transmit and computing powers, and computation allocation, amidst uncertainties in both channel and computing states information. Under such an interference network scenario, the paper proposes a robust approach for minimizing the worst-case delay across the served XR devices, subject to computation and power constraints. The paper leverages a deep neural network (DNN) that can be trained either centrally or in a federated manner to map estimated channels and computation requirements to optimized resource allocations per BS. During training, uncertainty samples, reflecting both channel and computing estimation errors, are injected after the DNN output to account for such joint…

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• arXiv cs.ITOct 15

  GPU-Accelerated Robust MA--RIS Pre-Optimization for Communication and Target Illumination

  Tran Le Dung, Ho Viet Duc Luong

  Movable antennas (MAs) and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) offer strong spatial control for integrated sensing and communication (ISAC), but repeatedly adapting MA positions and RIS phases to each channel realization can be impractical. This letter develops a GPU-accelerated robust pre-optimization framework that jointly selects slow-timescale MA geometry and RIS phases and returns a reusable Pareto set balancing expected worst-user rate and transmit-side worst-target illumination. The illumination objective measures directional transmitted power rather than complete echo-detection or parameter-estimation performance. The proposed Regime-Aware Multiobjective Pre-optimization (RAMP) preserves regime-specific Pareto populations, regulates cross-regime mating using Pareto-survival feedback, and constructs a worst-regime robust archive. Numerical results demonstrate competitive robust Pareto quality against the considered evolutionary baselines while avoiding online physical re-optimization.

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• arXiv cs.LGOct 15

  Fault Detection and Bit-Error Rate Diagnostics in Optical Wireless Links Using Edge-AI

  Sarthak Bhattarai, Sheshadri Shikhar Bandyopadhyay, Suprabh Dhakal, Jitendra Kumar Manandhar

  Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) systems provide high-bandwidth, spatially secure, and RF-interference-free digital transmission. However, direct free-space optical links suffer from extreme sensitivity to line-of-sight disruptions, optical attenuation, high ambient light saturation, and transmitter-receiver misalignment. Traditional channel diagnostic frameworks rely on external computing nodes or cloud-based processing, which introduces severe diagnostic latency and reduces edge node autonomy. This paper presents an autonomous, self-diagnosing optical wireless receiver node that integrates physical-layer signal telemetry extraction with an on-device TinyML classification engine. Built around an ESP32-S3 microcontroller, the receiver recovers 1000 bit/s On-Off Keying (OOK) digital payloads using a 5-sample majority voting mechanism while concurrently extracting real-time channel features: Bit Error Rate (BER), received signal voltage (Vsignal), Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNRdB), and ambient light baseline (Lambient). Evaluated against a Random Forest baseline (77.22% accuracy) and a floating-point neural network (78.48% accuracy), a post-training INT8 quantized TensorFlow Lite…

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• arXiv cs.ITOct 14

  Analog RF Computing for Integrated Data and AI Flows Over Wireless Networks

  Wentao Yu, Vincent W. S. Wong

  Many resource-constrained edge devices require artificial intelligence (AI) services but are not powerful enough to store or execute neural networks (NNs). Analog radio frequency (RF) computing addresses this limitation by letting a base station (BS) multicast a waveform encoding NN weights to different clients. Each client then multiplies the received weight-encoded waveform with its locally generated input-encoded waveform through a passive mixer in its RF frontend, thereby realizing the matrix-vector multiplications (MVMs) needed for AI inference with an extremely low power and memory requirement. This can enable telecom operators to provide AI inference services to the edge devices connected to their networks. In practice, however, this multicast AI flow must share the spectrum, power, and spatial resources with other data flows. This paper considers a multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) downlink scenario and studies the resulting relative aggregate data rate reduction from integrating the multicast AI flow with the unicast data flows. We formulate a joint beamforming problem for the data and AI flows to maximize the aggregate data rate subject to computing…

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• arXiv cs.LGOct 14

  Comparative Evaluation of Deep-Learning based DoA Estimators for Real-Time ISAC Beamforming

  Anjali K. S., Manoj Kumar Panda, Chandramani Singh

  Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) systems rely on accurate Direction-of-Arrival (DoA) estimation for effective beamforming and spectral-efficiency enhancement. While numerous classical and deep-learning-based DoA estimation methods have been reported in the literature, their suitability for real-time ISAC operation remains insufficiently understood because practical deployment requires consideration of both estimation accuracy and computational latency. This paper presents a unified evaluation framework for systematically comparing classical and learning-based DoA estimators within an ISAC beamforming pipeline. Representative classical and learning-based DoA estimators, together with an ensemble architecture, are integrated with Singular Value Decomposition (SVD)-based beamforming and evaluated under identical operating conditions. The impact of DoA estimation accuracy, inference latency, beamforming-weight generation time, and resulting effective spectral efficiency is investigated. Results show that different estimators occupy distinct operating points in the accuracy-latency-performance design space. Although learning-based approaches substantially reduce estimation…

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• arXiv eess.SPOct 14

  FlowSep-RF: Rectified Flow Matching for Single-Channel Radio-Frequency Signal Separation

  Mohamed Kamel, Tamer Nadeem

  Single-channel radio-frequency (RF) signal separation is important for interference mitigation when a signal of interest overlaps with a co-channel interferer in time and frequency. Classical matched filtering and LMMSE receivers are limited under structured non-Gaussian interference, while diffusion and score-based methods often require iterative sampling or optimization. We propose FlowSep-RF, a rectified flow matching framework that learns a clean-endpoint transport from the received mixture to the signal of interest. The model combines time-domain IQ samples with frequency-domain features and recovers the separated waveform using one endpoint velocity evaluation. We evaluate FlowSep-RF on QPSK mixtures with OFDM-BPSK, OFDM-QPSK, and RFChallenge CommSignal2 interference against classical, discriminative, and generative baselines. FlowSep-RF achieves the lowest average BER and MSE among evaluated baselines across all three settings with one-step inference.

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• arXiv cs.LGOct 14

  HankelKANet: Lightweight Path Loss Estimation via Physics-Inspired Hankel Convolution

  Yue Ruan, Xiaoxiao Cheng, Yunan Zhu, Wenlong Huang, Meng Hua

  Accurate path loss (PL) estimation is essential for wireless network planning and optimization. This paper proposes HankelKANet, a lightweight physics-inspired network for PL estimation that structurally embeds electromagnetic propagation characteristics into the neural architecture. Built on a single residual UNet backbone, the proposed model integrates urban layout features with a convolutional Kolmogorov-Arnold network(KAN). Specifically, the convolutional kernels are parameterized by the radial amplitudes of the zeroth- and first-order Hankel functions. This formulation acts as a physics-inspired nonlinear distance encoding, enabling the network to capture dominant attenuation characteristics directly without requiring additional physics-based loss terms. Experimental results demonstrate that HankelKANet achieves state-of-the-art accuracy and efficiency on both the simulated RadioMapSeer dataset and the real-world Huawei RSRPSet. Compared with the leading baseline, PEFNet, it reduces the parameter count by 78% and lowers the RMSE by 16.96% on the simulated data, while further exhibiting robust cross-dataset transferability and high data efficiency during target-domain…

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• arXiv cs.ITOct 14

  Digital Self-Interference Cancellation for In-Band Full-Duplex Systems Based on Transformer Neural Operators

  Zhijie Su, Shiquan Zhang, Qiaolin He

  Digital-domain self-interference cancellation is essential in in-band full-duplex radios after passive suppression and analog cancellation. It is particularly challenging when the desired signal is strong relative to the residual self-interference. In this regime, conventional iterative digital cancellers update their coefficients from desired-signal-contaminated received samples and may suffer substantial performance degradation. This paper reformulates digital-domain self-interference cancellation as an operator-learning problem. The proposed framework learns the temporal evolution of the residual self-interference channel from historical observations and uses the learned operator together with the known local transmit signal to reconstruct the current residual self-interference. A Transformer neural operator is used to realize this framework. The resulting method is trained in a desired-signal-free setting and then applied in the presence of a desired signal. A continuity-based analysis characterizes the sensitivity of the learned operator to the resulting input perturbation. Numerical experiments in static and time-varying channels, including time-varying SIR conditions,…

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• arXiv cs.LGOct 14

  Selective Next-Location Prediction with MetaModelSelect: A Lightweight Post-Hoc Confidence Metamodel

  Calvin Jary, Nafiseh Kahani

  Next-location prediction can support proactive mobile-network decisions, but acting on unreliable predictions can waste resources. We apply MetaModelSelect, a lightweight post-hoc confidence metamodel, to selective cellular next-location prediction. The mobility-specific model combines a learned embedding of the predicted location with the four largest softmax probabilities and Softmax Concentration. It learns whether a frozen recurrent neural network's top-1 prediction is correct, using only its outputs and without retraining the backbone. On path-balanced Changchun cellular mobility trajectories, we evaluate backbones trained with cross-entropy (CE) and self-adaptive training plus entropy minimization (SAT+EM), comparing against eight scalar confidence scores, two location-aware lookup methods, and a raw-logit multilayer perceptron. Relative to maximum softmax probability, MetaModelSelect achieves mean per-run reductions in area under the risk--coverage curve (AURC), excess AURC (E-AURC), and area under the generalized risk--coverage curve (AUGRC) of 2.6%, 4.2%, and 3.0% for CE, and 2.0%, 3.3%, and 1.9% for SAT+EM. It also achieves the lowest reported mean risk at every…

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• arXiv cs.LGOct 13

  Scaling Cheap Synthetic Pretraining Improves Indoor Radio-Map Prediction

  Khoren Petrosyan, Artashes Mkrtchyan, Rafayel Mkrtchyan, Hrant Khachatrian, Theofanis P. Raptis

  Real measurements are too limited to train an accurate indoor pathloss predictor that works across a wide range of buildings. Large-scale synthetic pretraining offers a way forward, but real building layouts are also scarce, and accurate ray-tracing simulators are slow, expensive, and often proprietary. We address both problems by introducing a generator that automatically creates diverse indoor layouts and a fast, open-source approximate ray tracer that computes radio maps for them. Using this pipeline, we generate 128M synthetic samples, pretrain ResNet-101 and Swin-T encoder-decoders, and fine-tune them on high-quality benchmark data. Despite simulator mismatch, our ResNet-101 model reduces error by 15% on average relative to the best known methods across five indoor radio-map prediction tasks and improves transfer on a small real-measurement dataset. Both architectures show predictable data-scaling trends: power laws fitted on 2M-16M samples predict the mean normalized downstream RMSE at 32M-128M with 3.33% mean absolute percentage error for ResNet-101 and 7.10% for Swin-T. These results show that pretraining on large amounts of cheap simulated data can improve indoor…

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• arXiv cs.CVOct 13

  Concealed Handgun Detection using WiFi Signals

  Erik Persson, David Gustafsson, Tomas Wilkinson

  While conventional camera-based surveillance systems and metal detectors can provide a sufficient level of security when used appropriately, they have fundamental limitations that reduce their applicability. Camera-based systems are unable to detect occluded or concealed threats and metal detectors require each person to enter through a narrow opening one at a time, leading to congestion issues and limited use in large crowds. A WiFi-based security system has the potential to be a complementary modality that is able to handle occlusions or concealment and is not hindered by strict spatial configurations. In this paper, we propose use Channel State Information estimated from WiFi-signals to detect concealed handguns. To this end we collect a dataset of aligned WiFi signals and RGB images that we call the WiFire dataset. We also propose a deep learning model called WiFireNet tailored to detect concealed handguns in WiFi signals using vision-based supervision signals. Our results show that concealed handgun detection is possible in WiFi and has promise as a complementary modality to surveillance cameras and metal detectors. We release the dataset, model and code to facilitate the…

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• arXiv cs.CROct 13

  Physical Layer Anomaly Detection via Adaptive Gaussian Mixture Model

  Mamady Delamou, Luan Chen, Arsenia Chorti

  Physical-layer spoofing attacks pose a critical threat to wireless localization systems by manipulating channel state information (CSI). Detecting such attacks becomes particularly challenging when the attacker and the legitimate node are spatially proximate, as their CSI characteristics become increasingly similar. To address this challenge in indoor scenarios, we propose an adaptive Gaussian mixture model (GMM)-based detection framework that learns legitimate CSI patterns and detects spatial inconsistency through statistical anomaly detection. Using a massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) experimental dataset with 64 uniform linear array (ULA) antenna and 5 mm spatial resolution, we evaluated our detector against CSI spoofing attacks with spatial displacements ranging from 50 mm to 450 mm. The adaptive GMM achieves 95-98% detection rate for displacements above 150 mm while maintaining 1% false alarm rate. We benchmark our approach against conventional GMM, local outlier factor (LOF), one-class support vector machine (SVM) and k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) classifiers, demonstrating overall superior detection performance of our proposed classifier.

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• Generalization to unseen attacks in multispectral iris PAD1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it

  Current methods fail to reliably detect new presentation attack instruments not seen during training.

  • WaveSpec: Multi-Spectral Iris Presentation Attack Detection via Wavelength-Conditioned Spectral Coherence Adaptationraises · addresses
• Realistic benchmarks for indoor 5G localization1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it

  Existing datasets do not capture severe multipath and NLOS conditions of industrial environments, limiting evaluation of AI methods.

  • RAIL-5G: A Challenging Real-World Dataset and Benchmark for AI-Based 5G Indoor Localizationraises · addresses
• Setup-agnostic channel charting for label-free indoor localization1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it

  Channel charting methods often rely on setup-specific dissimilarity metrics and precomputed distance matrices, limiting scalability and transferability.

  • ChronoChart: Setup-Agnostic Channel Charting for Label-Free Indoor Localizationraises · addresses
• Reliable RF fingerprinting under domain shift1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it

  RFF models degrade in performance when faced with changes in receiver, distance, or environment, and confidence metrics are insufficient for trustworthy deployment.

  • TrustAgent-RFF: Agentic Diagnostic Planning for Reliable RF Fingerprinting under Domain Shiftraises · addresses
• Hardware-in-the-loop validation for wireless embedded systems1 paper raises it · 1 addresses it

  LLM agents cannot directly verify wireless link functionality without hardware access, limiting their use in embedded development.

  • LoopHIL: Looping Hardware into LLM-assisted Agents for Wireless Embedded Systemsraises · addresses

Named by an AI from these papers' abstracts.