Offline Multimodal Large Language Models for Decision Support in Air Operations

Joao P. A. Dantas, Jelton A. Cunha, Gabriel Dietzsch

Air operations rely on complex rules, established procedures, and time-critical analysis under limited connectivity and strict security constraints. In such environments, analysts must combine written doctrine with images, often without access to external computing resources. This paper studies offline large language models as decision support tools, deployed in isolated and restricted environments to give analysts access to doctrinal knowledge that remains traceable to its original sources through natural language interaction. We describe a modular retrieval-augmented architecture suitable for operation without Internet connectivity, supporting both text and image input from technical manuals. As a first step toward evaluating this architecture, we report a pilot study with four image analysts of the Brazilian Air Force, combining (i) a doctrinal knowledge assessment based on their electronic-target identification doctrine, comparing human and proposed system performance on the same test, and (ii) a measurement of the cognitive workload involved in manually producing a reconnaissance target report (Relatório de Missão de Reconhecimento - REMIR) without AI assistance. The results…