PolyBridgeBench: Benchmarking Multimodal LLMs for Physics-Grounded Bridge Design

Zicheng Zhao, Dongyin Chen, Rui Xu, Yinghui Xu

Multimodal large language models, or MLLMs, perform well at visual understanding and structured generation, yet these capabilities do not establish whether an engineering design will work when executed. Existing benchmarks assess spatial reasoning, structural validity, or physics-grounded construction, but they do not determine whether MLLMs can synthesize complete load-bearing structures and repair them after simulator execution exposes a failure. We introduce PolyBridgeBench, an executable benchmark for multimodal bridge design. A model receives a visual scene and structured engineering constraints and generates a complete node--member--material topology. Deterministic legality checks gate execution in a native dynamic physics simulation. Following an execution failure, the benchmark returns temporal visual evidence from the failed rollout and evaluates repair under a fixed interaction budget. Separate measurements of deterministic validity, dynamic functional success, and post-failure recovery identify the stage at which design fails. Experiments with six representative MLLMs across 189 levels expose a substantial gap between deterministic validity and dynamic success,…