Same Outcome, Different Readout: What Does a Steerable Valence Direction in LLMs Represent?

Weihan Li, Xinlei Chen, Yuhan Song, Xiaofeng Lin, Tianshi Zheng

Claims about what an internal direction in an LLM represents need evidential constraints beyond an observer's prior beliefs about the system. Decodability and successful activation steering do not, by themselves, establish which construct the direction tracks. This gap is especially consequential for welfare-relevant interpretations, where a proposed functional state must be distinguished from correlated features of the extraction contrast. We treat the question as one of construct validity and study a good-bad outcome direction in a maze task, using controlled interventions that separate the realised outcome from the informational history through which it became known. Across multiple LLM checkpoints, directions fitted on one explicit outcome encoding transfer well to another, indicating that the readout is not tied to surface form. When the same realised outcome is reached through announced and unannounced histories, however, transfer degrades substantially: even after both histories receive the same explicit outcome, the post-event readout remains strongly conditioned on the earlier announcement. In the base model, steering along the direction changes actions, yet removing it…