EduBehaviors: Assertion-based Schemas for Auditable Coding of Educational Dialogues

Julian Bernado, Ana Trindade Ribeiro, Xander Beberman, Susanna Loeb

Large language models have enabled rapid deployment of language classification and analysis, allowing users to describe complex constructs in natural language, such as pedagogical moves or expressions of learning and engagement, and label them in conversational datasets such as classroom or tutoring transcripts. However, because LLM reasoning is opaque, we have no verifiable, mechanistic insight into why a model chose a label for an utterance, and output differences over time or across models challenge replication. We introduce the EduBehaviors framework to generate interpretable, reliable, and scalable construct annotations in educational dialogue data that retain human agency while leveraging the strengths of generative AI, encoders, and machine learning models. We evaluate the framework on the TalkMoves dataset, predicting the Teacher TalkMoves labels. Our best configuration results in a macro-F1 of 0.764 and 0.756 Cohen's kappa, demonstrating improvements over direct prompting approaches and showing competitiveness with fine-tuned classifiers while gaining the benefit of greater transparency and comparability. To facilitate adoption and operationalization of the EduBehaviors…