Concepts Complement Dense Semantics: Learning Compact Sparse Spaces for Text-Image Retrieval

Yoonseo Kim, Jungwoo Choi, Cheonyoung Park, Youngwook Kim, Yongho Song +1

Cross-modal retrieval has been advanced by vision-language pre-trained models that encode images and texts into a shared dense embedding space. While dense representations effectively capture overall semantic similarity, they often obscure fine-grained visual-textual information needed for precise cross-modal matching. Recent methods introduce a learned sparse branch to complement dense matching with lexical evidence, but they rely on a redundant language-model token space and lack explicit grounding for sparse dimensions. We propose GRASP, a compact and grounded sparse learning framework that mines visual-textual concepts from the corpus. A lightweight sparse head is trained to predict concepts relevant to each image or text, yielding interpretable concept-level evidence that complements dense semantic matching. Extensive experiments show that GRASP improves retrieval accuracy over the state-of-the-art dense-sparse baselines while yielding a more compact and grounded sparse space.