Inspire: Benchmarking Scientific Literature Search for Open Research Problems

Jianrong Ding, Zhengyan Shi, Jianyuan Zhong, Kai Qiu, Qi Dai +3

Scientific literature search often begins with an open research problem rather than a known target paper or a fixed candidate set. We introduce INSPIRE, a benchmark for evaluating agents that search prior literature to make progress on solution-redacted research problems. Each instance pairs a research brief with a target-specific cutoff three months before a later paper and evaluates ranked outputs against graded cited antecedents from that paper's realized research lineage. Search proceeds over an open corpus, while the identity of the target paper and membership of its cited antecedents remain hidden from the agent. Beyond end-to-end retrieval quality, INSPIRE uses logged search trajectories to distinguish three coupled stages: resource exposure, whether useful antecedents are surfaced during search; selection, whether exposed antecedents are retained; and ranking, how effectively retained papers are ordered. Across 476 computer-science targets under a shared search interface and budget, the strongest evaluated agent achieves 0.284 nDCG@10. Results show that current agents more readily recover an isolated antecedent than assemble a broader portfolio of relevant prior work. The…