Generative Uncertainty as a Self-supervised Signal for Semantic Similarity Learning

Enrico Pallotta, Sina Raoufi, Lars Doorenbos, Gianni Franchi, Juergen Gall

Evaluating semantic similarity between videos is a fundamental challenge in computer vision, essential for tasks ranging from out-of-distribution (OOD) detection to video retrieval. However, defining and labeling video similarity is notoriously difficult and expensive due to the complex spatio-temporal nature. In this paper, we propose a novel self-supervised approach that leverages generative uncertainty from text-to-video (T2V) diffusion models to learn semantic similarity without human annotations. Our method is based on the observation that T2V models produce consistent outputs for familiar concepts but exhibit high variance and uncertainty when prompted with specialized concepts. We utilize this behavior to identify stable semantic features within existing pretrained representations, such as VideoMAE and V-JEPA. Specifically, we learn a mask over these embeddings using purely generated data, encouraging the model to retain features that remain consistent across generations of general concepts while discarding those associated with generative noise or uncertainty. Experimental results across three key tasks demonstrate that our learned feature subspaces consistently…