First Learn, Then Memorize: The Spectral Bias of Diffusion Models

Raphaël Urfin, Tony Bonnaire, Giulio Biroli, Marc Mézard

Diffusion models trained on a finite dataset first learn to generate novel, high-quality samples and only much later collapse onto their training set. We identify the mechanism behind this separation of timescales and the object that probes it. The training dynamics of the score function are governed---exactly, and at any width---by the Gram matrix of the Neural Tangent Kernel (NTK) evaluated on the noisy training data, so the timescales of generalization and of memorization must be encoded in its spectrum. We show that they are, and that the structure responsible has no analogue in standard kernel settings. The use of multiple noise realizations per sample ($m$ noised copies at a fixed noise level) in the score-matching loss is what restructures the Gram matrix spectrum into two distinct parts. The first, of large eigenvalues, carries the global features of the target distribution and is present already for $m=1$. The second, which the repeated noising creates, consists of the smallest eigenvalues and is supported on eigenvectors aligned with the sample-specific noise directions; it sets a memorization timescale parametrically larger in the training set size $n$. We establish…