EFormer: Temporally Aligned Local Correction for Continuous sEMG-Based Hand Pose Tracking

JiaCheng Ge, SiYu Zhang

Surface electromyography (sEMG) provides a wearable, camera-free signal for continuous hand-motion inference. Mapping muscle activity to joint kinematics remains challenging because the recorded waveforms are indirect measurements, their relationship with motion changes over time, and individual anatomy and sensor placement alter the signal distribution. This paper presents EFormer, a residual feature-correction network built on a frozen tracking backbone. EFormer combines a high-rate event branch, temporally aligned local cross-attention, two causal rotary position embedding (RoPE) temporal layers, and a bounded, dynamically gated residual. EFormer receives 16-channel sEMG sampled at 2 kHz and fuses a 64-channel tracking representation at 25 Hz with a 128-channel event representation at 200 Hz. Cross-attention uses a nominal delay of 100 ms, a 300 ms history parameter, and a 50 ms tolerance; its causal mask restricts each query to events occurring 50-400 ms earlier. The correction scale is 0.15. The evaluated continuation-training configuration contains 585,376 trainable parameters and 5,974,508 frozen parameters. On the test set, EFormer achieves an MAE of 0.1546634 rad, an…