Cycle-Aware Autoencoder with Cross-SignalConsistency for Railway Door Anomaly Detection

Ammar Bouketta, Smail Niar, Hamza Ouarnoughi, Eva Mutuzo Brindle

Passenger access doors are safety-critical subsystems in railway vehicles, yet detecting abnormal door behavior in real operation is challenging because faults are rare, diverse, and often unlabeled. This paper addresses railway door condition monitoring as a cycle-level unsupervised anomaly detection problem, where each complete opening-dwell-closing cycle is treated as a single monitoring unit. We propose the Temporal Cycle-Aware Attention Autoencoder with Cross-Signal Consistency (TCAA-CS), trained exclusively on nominal cycles. It combines a dual-stream encoder that processes continuous physical measurements (position, current, voltage) and binary logical states (door-closed, door-locked) through separate 1D-CNN branches, an LSTM encoder with temporal attention pooling, and a triple hybrid anomaly score fusing reconstruction error, latent-space deviation, and phase-aware cross-signal consistency. The consistency term helps identify cases where individual signals appear plausible but their inter-signal relationships become physically or logically inconsistent. On real industrial data from a passenger train in commercial service, TCAA-CS achieves 93.8% recall, 97.3% precision,…