A Survey on End-to-End Autonomous Driving Training from the Perspectives of Data, Strategy, and Platform

Chengkai Xu, Yiming Cui, Jiaqi Liu, Yicheng Guo, Cheng Qin +5

Autonomous driving is a cornerstone technology for the future of intelligent transportation, where end-to-end learning has emerged as a transformative paradigm that directly maps multimodal sensory inputs to driving actions through unified differentiable models. While offering advantages, the effectiveness of end-to-end autonomous driving (E2E-AD) is ultimately determined by the quality of its training ecosystem. This paper provides a comprehensive review of training methods and ecosystem for E2E-AD. We introduce a Data-Strategy-Platform taxonomy that conceptualizes training as an interdependent system. The data layer defines what can be learned, the strategy layer governs how learning aligns with driving objectives, and the platform layer supports scalability and continuous evolution. Within this framework, we survey recent advances across data-centric pipelines, learning paradigms, and training infrastructures, and analyze their interplay in shaping model performance, robustness, and deployability. Finally, we reflect on current limitations and articulate a forward-looking vision that emphasizes a shift from data quantity to data value, from isolated optimization to…