Decoding the Functional Roles of Register and High-Norm Patch Tokens in Vision Transformers

Neel Varma, Andrew Rufail, Dipika Khullar, Vasu Sharma

Self-supervised Vision Transformers (ViTs), such as DINOv2, learn rich visual representations, but the functions of their internal tokens remain poorly understood. Recent architectures introduce dedicated register tokens to reduce high-norm out- lier patch tokens that emerge in background re- gions, yet the semantic and functional roles of both token types have not been fully established. In this paper, we analyze these roles by training sparse autoencoders (SAEs) on register-token and outlier-token activations in DINOv2. Using an automated interpretability pipeline, UMAP clus- tering, and CLIP-space cross-checks, we find that register-token features are more strongly associ- ated with high-level semantic concepts. Outlier- token features, by contrast, are more often associ- ated with lower-level structural, background, and texture-dominant patterns. Causal ablations fur- ther reveal a substantial functional asymmetry: disrupting top-activating register-derived features produces a 48.17% drop in representation cosine similarity, whereas disrupting outlier-derived fea- tures produces only a 0.31% drop. Together, our results provide evidence for token specialization in…