Scaling 3D Visual Grounding in Abdominal CT

Sam Church, Danyal Maqbool, Joshua D. Warner, Andrew Voter, Junjie Hu +2

Visual grounding models can enhance radiology workflows by linking report findings to image regions. This is particularly valuable for 3D CT, where findings often occupy a tiny fraction of the volume. Training 3D grounding models requires large sets of paired phrases and regions, and building such datasets is expensive, requiring radiologists to annotate images by hand. We posit that this supervision is already created implicitly during routine reporting, as radiologists frequently place 2D annotations (e.g., distance measurement, arrows) on key images to make measurements and to support report interpretation. We introduce an automated pipeline that converts these routine clinical annotations into large-scale phrase-region supervision for 3D visual grounding. The pipeline links each annotation to the corresponding finding in the report through metadata matching, then uses a promptable 3D segmentation model to convert the 2D annotation into a volumetric mask. This produces phrase-mask-volume datasets without requiring additional radiologist annotation. Applied to a single institution's clinical picture archiving and communication system (PACS), our approach generated 105K…