MaDeL: Manifold-Decomposed Feature Losses for Generative Modeling

Beomsu Kim, Jong Chul Ye, Kwanyoung Kim

Generative models are often trained with isotropic objectives such as mean-squared error. For data concentrated near a low-dimensional manifold, however, such losses conflate displacement along the manifold, which may represent valid variation, with displacement away from it, which produces invalid samples. This mismatch is especially problematic in sparse, highly constrained domains, where ambient-space regression can encourage off-manifold interpolation. We ask whether a generative objective can distinguish manifold-parallel variation from manifold-orthogonal deviation directly from data, without explicitly estimating the manifold. We introduce a manifold-decomposed feature loss (MaDeL) that learns complementary representations from corrupted observations: one is trained to recover the clean sample, while the other is trained to recover the corruption. We show that, under a feature bottleneck, their Jacobians align with the tangent and normal spaces, exactly for linear manifolds and locally for smooth manifolds. Together, these representations define an anisotropic objective that separately measures intrinsic variation and off-manifold deviation. Across synthetic, Earth and…