Flash-OPD: Fast On-Policy Distillation

Wei Chen, Junle Chen, Yitong Yang, Zhaoyang Xu, Jiaxin Lin +4

On-policy distillation (OPD) provides dense teacher supervision on student-generated trajectories, but generating and evaluating long rollouts incurs substantial training cost. Existing acceleration methods reduce this cost through open-loop rollout schedules or closed-loop horizon adaptation. However, supervision compatibility can vary substantially across trajectories, making a single rollout horizon difficult to match their heterogeneous reliable lengths: an overly short horizon may truncate useful supervision, while an overly long one wastes computation beyond reliable regions. Our key insight is that the trajectory-specific reliability boundary need not be predicted before generation. By viewing reliability as the first-passage of accumulated low teacher--student compatibility events, the boundary is inherently unknown before sampling, yet whether it has been reached can be determined exactly from the observed prefix. Building on this insight, we propose *Flash-OPD*, which shifts from rollout-horizon control to adaptive trajectory-level boundary verification. *Flash-OPD* interleaves cached generation with teacher verification and independently stops each trajectory according…