Training on the Future: A Delay-Aware Audit of Test-Time Adaptation for Time-Series Forecasting

Mohamed Readh Fentazi, Mazene Ameur, Adlen Ksentini

Test-time adaptation (TTA) methods for time-series forecasting update a deployed model, or a small adapter around it, from incoming ground truth. But the label of an $H$-step forecast exists only $H$ steps later, and real data pipelines add further delay. We build a leakage-free harness in which the label of forecast origin $s$ is released for updates only at step $s+d$ with $d \ge H$, and enforce this rule inside the released code of four recent TTA methods (TAFAS, COSA, PETSA and DynaTTA), run on their own backbones and checkpoints across five benchmarks (ETTm1, ETTh2, Weather, Electricity and Traffic). As references we add two closed-form correctors: a bank of recursive least squares (RLS) filters combined by a per-coordinate median, with no tunable hyperparameters and 56 microseconds per step on the 7-channel streams, and an ELF-style linear corrector. Under causal delayed labels the picture is asymmetric. On ETTm1 every audited method genuinely adapts, yet the RLS bank still beats three of the four at a fraction of their cost; only DynaTTA beats the bank, only at the minimum causal delay, and at roughly 2,500 times the per-update cost; the ELF-style corrector beats all four.…