Compression Through Time: An Interplay of Separability, Stationarity and Capacity

Nikolaus Kopp, Franz Pernkopf, Bernhard Geiger

Information-theoretic and geometric compression have been widely studied as possible explanations for generalization. Yet their temporal dynamics in recurrent networks remain largely unexplored. Using discretized LSTMs, whose finite embedding space enables direct estimates of information quantities, we observe pronounced compression across the final timesteps of many datasets. We explain this effect through three competing mechanisms: (i) class separability permits stronger compression at the final timestep; (ii) shared recurrent dynamics propagate this pressure across timesteps with similar activation states, making its extent depend on temporal stationarity; and (iii) limited representational capacity opposes prolonged compression because it restricts information available for subsequent computation. We systematically test these mechanisms through controlled synthetic interventions and real-world sequence tasks. Our results identify class separability, temporal stationarity, and network capacity as key determinants of temporal compression, and suggest that compression acts as a regularizer-potentially beneficial when excess capacity is available, but harmful to generalization…