When Repeated Measurements Hurt Tabular Foundation Models

Yixiang Liu, Ruizhe Deng, Bibhas Chakraborty, Qiong Zhang, Yan Shuo Tan

Tabular foundation models (TFMs) achieve state-of-the-art performance on IID benchmarks, but how do they respond to repeated measurements at the same inputs? Across six TFMs, synthetic and semi-synthetic experiments show that additional measurements can improve predictions at measured inputs while degrading them elsewhere. Harm is most frequent at low noise, and irrelevant features amplify it in several models; real repeated-measurement datasets show similar patterns. Statistically, the IID rule targeted by PFN pretraining treats each repeated input as fresh evidence about the input distribution. When the prior links this distribution to the response function, the resulting protocol mismatch can outweigh the benefit of additional measurements, even under exact inference. Computationally, interventions identify row-count dependence in TabPFN-v3's attention scaling as a contributor to harm. Resetting the count largely reverses distortion in a noiseless linear diagnostic and attenuates amplification by irrelevant features. Finally, we evaluate ways to retain the benefits of repeated measurements while limiting their harm. Averaging measurements usually outperforms supplying them…