Encounter-Driven City-Scale Human Mobility Generation with Large Language Models

Chao Li, Renhe Jiang, Chuan Xiao, Jiawei Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have shown strong potential for human mobility generation by modeling individual routines, activities, and mobility preferences. However, existing approaches remain largely resident-centric: generating realistic individual trajectories does not necessarily recover the encounters that emerge when multiple residents co-occur at the same place and time. To this end, we study encounter-aware human mobility generation, which jointly preserves individual mobility and population-level interaction structure. We propose EncounterMob, an encounter-driven LLM framework consisting of a coarse-to-fine Encounter Generator and an Iterative Coupling Framework. The Encounter Generator first captures city-level encounter rhythms and then instantiates participant-time-venue encounters, while the Iterative Coupling Framework coordinates these encounters with personal mobility behavior through successive refinement. We further introduce an encounter recovery protocol covering encounter marginal and joint distributions over residents, times, and venues. Experiments on the Japan and NYC datasets show that EncounterMob outperforms all external baselines on all seven…