Seeing Depth but Choosing Cues in Vision-Language Models

Zhengtao Zou, Pekka Marttinen

Do vision-language models use depth information to judge which object is closer, or rely on image-plane cues? We investigate this question through controlled depth--cue conflicts, representation analysis, and interventions. Among the many image-plane cues relevant to depth perception, we focus on apparent size and vertical position. We compare depth judgments under cue-consistent and cue-conflict conditions in both rendered scenes and real-world photographs. Across model families and scales, depth judgments systematically shift toward misleading cues. Yet the correct depth order remains decodable from the queried objects' visual representations, including when the model answers incorrectly. Image and category controls support interpreting this signal as image-dependent depth information beyond the two target cues. Strengthening the model's own depth readout through object-level write-back can correct conflict decisions without updating model parameters or using ground-truth depth annotations. Interventions show that the effect of this correction depends on the direction and target tokens of the written signal, while its strength varies across architectures and domains. Together,…