Heading Hierarchy Reconstruction for Complex and Long Documents with Level-Wise Multimodal Memory

Qian Chen, Xianyin Zhang, Lifan Guo, Chi Zhang

Vision-language models (VLMs) have been widely adopted for document parsing and optical character recognition (OCR), as they can accurately extract page-level elements. However, downstream applications such as retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) also require coherent document-level structure. Although these models indicate heading levels using different numbers of preceding ``\#'' symbols, page-by-page prediction often lacks document-level consistency. In practice, input-resolution and context-length constraints make it infeasible for a VLM to jointly process all page images in documents containing tens or hundreds of pages. To address this limitation, we propose a VLM-based framework that incrementally reconstructs heading hierarchies with a \emph{level-wise multimodal memory}. The memory retains a compact subset of all previously processed pages, selected by anchors. Our framework supports flexible anchor selection, and in this work we select the most recent node at each level, allowing the VLM to observe the visual, textual, and layout patterns of headings at every level. For comprehensive evaluation, we also introduce the Complex and Long Document Heading Hierarchy…