More Than Seeing: Vision as Scalable Anchors in Native Multimodal Pre-Training

Haoyuan Wu, Aoqi Wu, Jiani Hu, Bei Yu

Native multimodal pre-training trains a single model from scratch on text and multimodal data, enabling it to understand both language and visual inputs. However, how visual signals shape scaling behavior and support capabilities beyond visual understanding remains unclear. We investigate this question through controlled visual-content ablations across model sizes and training budgets. Specifically, we replace image embeddings with content-free padding token embeddings. Retaining visual content improves text prediction on image-text examples without materially changing the lowest text-only loss at a given compute budget, the optimal balance of model size and training data, or aggregate language scores. The relative multimodal loss benefit grows approximately as a power law of compute. To test benefits beyond understanding images, we evaluate spatial reasoning from text descriptions alone. Both conditions improve with model and data scaling. During training of the largest model, visual gains are most sustained in localization, navigation, and symbolic planning, which involve maintaining object configurations or composing spatial updates; gains in spatial relations, geometry, and…