FlowBudget: Training-Free Sampling-Budget Estimation for Flow Matching Models

Zahra Dehghani, Pablo Piantanida, Mohammadhadi Shateri

Sampling from continuous flow-based generators such as flow matching models requires numerical ODE or SDE integration, making inference cost depend on the number of function evaluations (NFEs). In practice, the sampling budget is inherited from prior work or selected through expensive FID-versus-NFE sweeps, using FID to assess image-generation quality, requiring sample generation and evaluation at multiple budgets. This makes sampling-budget selection dependent on repeated empirical evaluation. We therefore ask a complementary question to solver design and timestep allocation: for a fixed pretrained model and solver, what numerical resolution is sufficient? We introduce FLOWBUDGET, a training-free estimator of solver-relative sampling complexity. Using simulation-free interpolation probes of the learned dynamics, FLOWBUDGET normalizes the leading one-step discretization error by the motion, estimates its coefficient from interpolation probes, and maps a numerical tolerance to a step budget using the solver order. We derive estimators for numerical solvers in flow~matching sampling, namely Euler and Heun for ODE sampling and additive-noise Euler--Maruyama for SDE sampling, and…