TransNSNet: A Transformer-Enhanced Multi-Scale Adversarial Framework for CT-to-PET Image Synthesis

Shaojun Li, Xiaoyu Deng, Ikuo Keshi

This study investigates CT-to-PET image synthesis using TransNSNet, a Transformer-enhanced multi-scale adversarial framework. A paired CT-PET dataset was curated from the public non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) Radiogenomics collection through patient screening, slice-level matching, preprocessing, and patient-level train-test separation. The proposed framework generates PET-like predictions at multiple spatial scales and applies coarse-to-fine reconstruction supervision, while TransPatchGAN introduces contextual feature interaction into adversarial evaluation. A progressive ablation study compares Pix2Pix, NSNet-Base, NSNet-D, and TransNSNet. Image-level performance was summarized over a fixed convergence window (epochs 80-101) from one training run per model. TransNSNet achieved the best mean value in nine of ten metrics, whereas NSNet-Base achieved the highest visual saliency-induced index. For fixed-fraction high-intensity regions, NSNet-D was marginally higher in slice-level recall and balanced accuracy, but the equal-weight patient-level values were nearly identical and the highest Dice values shifted to TransNSNet. These differences were small relative to between-patient…