Where Natural Language Ends in Agents: Executable Skill Composition with MetaSkill

Meng Shu, Wei He, Hang Zhou, Runke Liu, Kai Han +1

Agent Skills express open-ended task knowledge in natural language, but composing them requires persistent execution order and upstream-output handoffs. We propose selective formalization at Skill boundaries: coordination relations with stable references and machine-checkable constraints become executable, while substantive task judgments remain within Skills. We introduce MetaSkill, a hybrid representation that preserves complete Skill packages and local instructions while making invocation dependencies and predecessor-text bindings executable through a directed acyclic graph (DAG) runtime. This interface supports explicit coordination without prescribing how each Skill performs its local task. Across 20 multi-Skill artifact tasks and two LLMs, we compare natural-language procedures, prompt-visible graphs, and MetaSkill derived from a common frozen plan per task, using the same designated Skill packages. Additional comparisons evaluate AgentSkillOS with the same available Skill packages as MetaSkill, as well as agent systems using their configured tools. Blinded artifact judgments yield favorable preference point estimates across all reported comparisons, with 95% task-bootstrap…