Towards Figurative Language Understanding in Moroccan Darija: An Evaluation of Large Language Models

Jihad R'baiti, Youssef Hmamouche, Emmanuele Chersoni, Chu-Ren Huang, Amal El Fallah Seghrouchni

Figurative language remains a major challenge for Machine Translation (MT) systems, as the intended meaning of such expressions often goes beyond literal translation. Although recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) improved the translation of Arabic dialects, benchmark resources for evaluating figurative language translation in Moroccan Darija remain scarce. To this end, we introduce the Moroccan Darija Figurative Language Corpus (MDFC), a benchmark dataset for MT and multiple-choice question (MCQ) selection covering idioms, metaphors, and proverbs. Using MDFC, we evaluate 19 open- and closed-weight language models and MT systems at both the expression and contextual levels under zero-shot and six-shot settings. We also conduct layer-wise similarity-based probing to determine how model representations distinguish figurative from literal meanings. Our findings reveal that closed-weight models achieve the strongest translation performance, while the benefits of contextual information vary across models and tasks. Differences between translation performance and MCQ accuracy highlight the distinction between generating an appropriate figurative translation and recognizing…