ActTime: Action-Conditioned World Modeling for Time Series

Xinxing Zhou, Xiaojie Yuan, Yanlong Wen, Ming Jin

Time-series models increasingly condition on known future inputs. In controlled systems, some of these inputs are actions that can be changed, compared, and optimized before execution. A model must therefore do more than predict the realized future: it must predict how outcomes change under different actions from the same observed history and support reliable comparison of candidate plans. We introduce ActTime, an action-conditioned world model for time series. Over the observed history, ActTime updates variable-specific latent states through an action-conditioned transition and corrects them using observations. It then rolls the same transition forward under candidate actions to generate future trajectories. Training uses only factual trajectories, without paired alternative-action outcomes or planning supervision. We construct a simulator-grounded evaluation suite across building energy, traffic, greenhouse climate, and inventory management, covering factual prediction, intervention-effect prediction, offline decision making, and closed-loop planning. ActTime ranks first in 12 of 16 domain-task settings. Across eight methods, the mean pairwise model-ranking reversal rate is…