Physics-Inspired Optimizers beyond the Edge of Stability: Period-Two Orbits and Delayed Instability

Alexander Itin

Gradient descent with momentum can be viewed as a particle moving with friction in the loss landscape. In deep learning the learning rate is usually large, so training is a discrete dynamical system: in many full-batch experiments the sharpness grows to the optimizer's stability limit, the edge of stability (EoS), and training continues there. Physics-inspired optimizers change this motion; Velocity-Regularized Adam (VRAdam), for example, shrinks the step at high speed. We study kinetic maps, in which the step is the gradient of a kinetic energy of the momentum, and ask what they do beyond the EoS. (i) In a reduced model, a kinetic map creates a symmetric period-two orbit beyond the edge, strictly linearly stable if and only if the map's elasticity (the log-log slope of step length versus momentum) lies between 0 and 1; on it, training sits at an effective edge of stability. VRAdam's damper fails above twice the critical learning rate, where its kinetic energy is not convex; the Legendre dual of VRAdam's own Lagrangian is convex and passes at every learning rate. (ii) Because the sharpness rises gradually, the loss of stability is delayed, as in Neishtadt's theory of slowly swept…