FALCA: Falsification-Aware Reinforcement Learning with Hierarchical Credit Assignment for Long-Horizon Deep Search Agents

Zijun Dou, Kun Luo, Chaofan Li, Shuqi Lu, Zheng Liu

Long-horizon deep search requires LLM agents to iteratively decompose complex information needs, gather evidence from external sources, and maintain a reliable research state under multiple constraints. A central challenge is that early mistakes can be amplified over the search trajectory: agents may anchor on an incorrect candidate, collect partially supporting evidence, overlook contradictions, and accumulate errors that misguide subsequent reasoning. We propose FALCA, a falsification-aware framework that formulates deep search as a propose-falsify process. FALCA adopts a collaborative Searcher-Falsifier architecture, where the Searcher proposes candidate answers or sub-answers, while independent Falsifiers actively seek counterevidence, check unmet constraints, identify conflicts, and produce concise falsification reports for research-state revision. To strengthen this loop, we introduce falsification-aware training, combining SFT warmup on falsification trajectories with agentic RL based on parallel rollouts and hierarchical credit assignment over research stages, state transitions, and actions. Experiments on five search benchmarks show that FALCA improves long-horizon deep…