Can Loan Processors and Underwriters Spot AI-Edited Statements? An Empirical Study

Simiao Ren, Xingyu Shen, Tommy Duong, Ankit Raj

AI-assisted editing can produce loan documents that preserve familiar issuer layouts while changing the applicant's identity. We investigated whether experienced underwriters and loan processors identify such forgeries in first-pass, document-only review. Three practitioners recruited through Upwork each received one applicant package drawn from 134 forged PDFs derived from 47 genuine financial documents supplied with full consent. The edits preserved amounts, dates and balances; identifier inconsistencies introduced by the pipeline were knowingly retained before distribution. Reviewers were not told that files had been altered and returned 132 file-level judgements. Checking their explanations against the originals yielded 14 edit-supported concerns (10.6%): 12 Suspicious judgements and two Insufficient information judgements. All supported concerns involved identifier disagreements within or across documents, and no reported visual cue identified an actual edit. Thus, approximately one in ten judgements contained evidence of the forgery, despite known inconsistencies remaining in the files. These observations motivate evaluating consistency checks and independent source…