MI-MIDI 2: From Observation to Control with Sparse Autoencoders in Text-to-MIDI Generation

Jakub Poćwiardowski, Mateusz Modrzejewski

Sparse autoencoders (SAEs) can expose features of a generative model without predefined labels, but in language models the evidence used to interpret these features has proven an unreliable guide to which of them steer the output. Whether interpretations of SAE features predict control in music generators has not, to our knowledge, been tested. We develop an end-to-end protocol for discovering and evaluating SAE features in text-to-MIDI generation and apply it to text2midi and MIDI-LLM. The protocol characterizes features through correlations with musical metrics, shared instrument programs, and automated descriptions, each with its own control: note-density adjustment, matched inactive excerpts, and permutation calibration. It then tests candidates by intervention, measured directly in the generated MIDI against unmodified generation and a matched random direction, ranks them in screens, and confirms selected features on new prompts. Evidence that survives these controls points to features that steer the output. Descriptions exceed permutation controls for instrumentation, and a feature whose description names a synth-lead program introduces that program in a prespecified…