VERA-Hand: A Verified Multidimensional Benchmark for 2D Hand Pose Estimation in Third-Person Dynamic Gesture Videos

Gibran Benitez-Garcia, Hiroki Takahashi

Hand landmarks serve as input for gesture recognition, sign language understanding, and touchless human-computer interaction. Yet hand pose estimators are typically evaluated with frame-wise localization metrics such as PCK or MPJPE, which are computed over matched predictions and overlook missed or spurious hands, handedness errors, and temporal instability. To address these limitations, we present VERA-Hand, a benchmark that evaluates estimators using manually verified, frame-level 2D annotations for 10,690 hands across four complementary dimensions (detection, localization, identification, and temporal stability), as well as a joint Pose-F1 metric that requires both correct detection and accurate localization. Evaluating six estimators spanning hand-specific, whole-body, reconstruction-based, and foundation-model paradigms, we find that no estimator dominates: rankings reorder sharply across dimensions. VERA-Hand also exposes failures that localization-only and downstream evaluations may not reveal, including cross-hand overlap in over 85% of frames for a recent foundation model. A post-hoc cleanup case study demonstrates how the benchmark can validate corrective…