The Clustering Occupation Kernel (CLOCK) Method for Time Series Arising from Dynamical Systems

Michael L. Wells, Kamel Lahouel, Victor Rielly, Bruno Jedynak

We introduce the Clustering Occupation Kernel (CLOCK) method, a novel representation-based framework for clustering time series arising from dynamical systems. CLOCK embeds observed sequences into a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) via a time-averaged occupation kernel, enabling trajectory comparison through their RKHS norm. For systems governed by differential equations, this formulation rigorously approximates the kernel mean embedding of the invariant Sinai-Ruelle-Bowen (SRB) measure, meaning our dissimilarity metric approximates the maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) between attractors. To accommodate general time series, we introduce time lags via Takens' Embedding Theorem to reconstruct the phase space. Crucially, CLOCK natively handles trajectories of unequal lengths and irregularly-spaced observations. We validate the proposed metric using spectral clustering, demonstrating superior performance against benchmark methods on both synthetic datasets and a real-world intracranial large-scale electroencephalogram (EEG) dataset. Finally, ablation studies on the Lorenz-96 system are consistent with the theoretical convergence rates of the occupation kernels and highlight the…