Five Architectures, One Shared Space Cross-Model Representational Alignment Without Weight Merging

Oladimeji Anthonio, Dimeji Olawuyi, Oloruntoba Ajayi, Temilola Aderemi

Combining language models is usually done by averaging weights, which works only when the models share a common starting point. We ask whether five frozen, independently trained models with different internal designs (four transformers from four organizations and one state-space model) can be related through their activations alone, with no weight merging. Using permutation tests, an independent replication probe set, depth sweeps, pooling ablations and confound checks, we find statistically robust correspondence between how the five models organize the same text. It is strongest at each model's final layer and weaker for the state-space model, whose weakest pairing is still 35-43 times chance. We use this to build a shared space with Generalized Procrustes Analysis, in which no model is a fixed reference. At the final layer, mean held-out retrieval accuracy over the twenty ordered model pairs is 0.91 to 0.93 on two probe sets (chance 0.03), beating pairwise linear maps (0.82 to 0.85), but the space is worse than those maps in the middle layers. It transfers to ordinary English of unfamiliar grammatical form and fails on mathematical and logical notation. We then test whether the…