One Mean Log-Mel Vector per Phoneme: Simple and Fast Text Injection for Speech Recognition

Albert Zeyer, Davyd Naveriani, Dorian Koch, Ralf Schlüter, Hermann Ney

Text injection trains speech recognition models on unpaired text alongside paired audio. We feed the speech encoder synthetic input derived from text so the whole model learns from it. Previously, we synthesized this input with a frozen text-to-speech (TTS) model. Here, a simple lookup table replaces the TTS model: a mean log-mel vector (or one-hot encoding) per phoneme, repeated for a random duration drawn from alignment statistics, with silence between words. Training is 1.8 times faster than with the neural TTS, achieving comparable word error rates. With an external language model, our system reaches 1.36 / 2.90 / 1.52 / 3.24 % WER on LibriSpeech {dev,test}-{clean,other}, to our knowledge state-of-the-art using only LibriSpeech paired data, text, and lexicon. We analyze components of synthetic input (durations, acoustic features), compare different HMM aligners, evaluate scaling on the 25 000 h Loquacious dataset, and show that full-encoder injection yields strong relative improvements compared to partial-encoder and decoder methods. The code of the whole pipeline behind every number in this paper is public: github.com/rwth-i6/returnn-experiments/tree/master/2026-text-injection