Transporting Quantiles to Codebook: Scalable Vector Quantization without Codebook Collapse

Yuwei Zeng, Zekun Shi

Effective discrete representation learning with VQ-VAE serves as a fundamental component of modern autoregressive generative models. However, it is widely known to suffer from codebook collapse and inefficient code utilization. To address this issue, we propose FlowVQ, a simple yet effective alternative to standard vector quantization by formulating neural quantization as a joint modeling and clustering process. Specifically, we learn the latent space using a lightweight flow matching model alongside training, corresponding to a probability flow ODE that transports an often fixed well-behaved source distribution while preserving probability mass. Based on this, we define the codebook C_1 by transporting even-quantile partitioned prior codes C_0 from the source space through the learned flow, and obtaining the Voronoi centroids under the induced distribution, leading to a structured discretization. We evaluated on image tokenization and generation, as well as on two tasks requiring high-precision tokenization, demonstrating scalability and improved expressivity of the codebook with full utilization.