Quantum-Inspired Convolutional Networks for High-Resolution Pseudo-Label Generation from Multimodal Earth Observation Data

Abhishek Singh, Giovanni Cuozzo, Alexander Jacob, Claudia Notarnicola

Accurate land-cover mapping from multimodal Earth observation (EO) data remains a challenge in regions where high-resolution annotations are scarce or costly to obtain. This work introduces a quantum convolutional encoder-decoder network for pseudo-label generation using Sentinel-1 SAR and Sentinel-2 multispectral imagery, guided only by coarse MODIS-derived land-cover maps. The proposed framework uses quantum-inspired convolutional blocks to enhance feature extraction and cross-sensor fusion, enabling the model to infer a fine-scale semantic structure from heterogeneous inputs. Experiments were conducted on the DFC2020 dataset, which provides a quadruple of Sentinel-1 SAR, Sentinel-2 multispectral, low-resolution MODIS labels and high-resolution reference land-cover maps. The proposed training framework first learns a robust representation of multimodal inputs through the reconstruction branch before any supervision from low-resolution labels is applied. This self-supervised stage enables the model to capture a fine-scale spectral-spatial structure, which is then used to generate high-resolution pseudo-labels. These pseudo-labels are subsequently evaluated through classification…