Lineage Is Memory: Parent Inheritance and Feedback Disclosure in Short-Budget LLM-Guided Optimization

Shanglin Yang, Zhan Shi

Iterative language-model optimizers refine prompts and programs by evaluating a candidate, showing a proposer model a sample of failing cases, and keeping revisions that improve performance. Recent work attributes the limits of this loop to narrow single-round reflection, introducing full-set error clustering, targeted minibatches, or larger proposer models so the optimizer sees more failure modes per step. Yet every existing evaluation tests these mechanisms exclusively inside lineage-preserving search, where each revision edits a surviving parent, leaving the contribution of parent inheritance confounded with the breadth of per-round feedback. Across 1,750 pre-registered runs spanning nine prompt and program synthesis benchmarks, we separate parent inheritance from feedback disclosure under matched evaluation budgets. We find that greedy parent inheritance drives the vast majority of optimization progress, outperforming seed-reset resampling even when seed-reset proposals receive a clustered summary of all failures in every round or use a larger proposer model. While full-set error clustering and diverse failure selection improve single-step rewrites from the seed and…