ID2Pattern: Pretraining Generalizable Identity Behavior Patterns for Transaction Risk Foundation Models

Ze Zhao, Haoyu Jiang, Weiyu Han, Ruobing Zuo, Xiao Tan +2

Large-scale behavioral pretraining offers a promising route to generalizable representations in online payment systems. However, high-cardinality identity fields such as card, device, and account IDs, though rich in behavioral signals, remain underexploited. Their continually growing vocabularies and limited semantic meaning make existing vocabulary-based and semantics-based encodings ill-suited. Their generalizable signal lies not in specific values, but in the identity behavior patterns they exhibit across a transaction sequence. Building on this insight, we propose ID2Pattern, a pretraining framework that brings these patterns into transaction foundation models. ID2Pattern first encodes identity fields with a Local Anonymous ID (LAID) tokenizer, which captures how each identity appears and recurs within the sequence, independent of its specific value. It then pretrains a multi-scale pattern codebook on unlabeled sequences, which abstracts LAID sequences into discrete behavior patterns for downstream prediction. Experiments on an industrial dataset with over 100M sequences and six public datasets show that ID2Pattern consistently outperforms strong baselines, improving…