From Cross-Section to Cross-Omics: Conditional Cell Nucleus Image Editing in Spatial Transcriptomics

Yuechen Yang, Junchao Zhu, Junlin Guo, Yanfan Zhu, Ruining Deng +10

Spatial transcriptomics (ST) platforms simultaneously measure gene expression and capture cell nucleus images at single-cell resolution. A fundamental property of tissue preparation introduces a confounding relationship between the two measurement modalities: sectioning a three-dimensional tissue into a thin slice produces a two-dimensional cross-section whose area depends on the cutting angle. Larger cross-sections expose more cytoplasm, yielding higher mRNA counts, while pathomics features such as nuclear area are measured directly from the same 2D boundary. This sectioning geometry creates an apparent correlation between gene expression and pathomics that reflects the measurement process rather than independent biology. Existing gene-to-image methods generate cell images from gene features but do not support condition-driven editing of existing images across both omics layers. We apply the Manifold-Aware Diffusion (MAD) framework to this dual-omics editing setting, enabling targeted modification of one feature group while preserving the other. Evaluated on podocyte cells from CosMx SMI kidney tissue, MAD achieves MAE=0.6636 and FID=25.19 for pathomics editing, outperforming…