AgentPRO: Coordinating Compiler Optimizations for LLM Agent Workflows

Jie Ren, Zheng Wang

LLM agents repeatedly return to a model to generate actions and interpret tool results, incurring repeated context processing and generation overhead. Yet a value needed to execute an action need not be observed by the model to generate that action. This distinction creates an optimization opportunity: reconsider where model decisions are necessary, together with the work performed between them. We present AgentPRO, a compiler framework for optimizing agent workflows as execution information becomes available. AgentPRO organizes planned duties, generation regions, and concrete operations in a hierarchical representation, distinguishing execution dependencies from observations required for generation. Region transformations combine compatible duties into fewer model requests, while operation transformations reduce redundant context and tool work. These scopes interact: eliminating a redundant read can remove an observation requirement that otherwise separates generation regions. AgentPRO coordinates transformations using initial plans, current observations, and historical execution profiles through just-in-time, adaptive, and profile-guided optimization. Runtime guards check…