Heirloom: Carrying a Phone's Personalization Across Base-Model Generations

Zhuomin Chen, Jingchao Ni, Qingkai Dong, Xu Zheng, Gabriel Hübner Lucchesi +3

On-device language models can learn a user's preferences through adapters trained on private data. However, a base-model upgrade may change the layers or vocabulary, leaving the personal adapter incompatible. Replacing it with a non-personal adapter loses much of the personalization, while retraining requires retaining the user's labeled history. We present Heirloom, a system that transfers a personal adapter to a new base model on the phone without retaining labels. Heirloom uses the old personal model as a teacher, collecting its predictions on stored unlabeled inputs, vendor-provided prompts, or prompts generated by the new base. It then unloads the old base and trains an adapter for the new model to match those predictions, keeping only one base model in memory at a time. We evaluate Heirloom across three generation upgrades from two model families, an architecture-preserving refresh, and three personalization tasks. On movie tagging, migration from stored inputs maintains pre-upgrade accuracy and differs from labeled retraining by at most 1.7 percentage points across the three upgrades. On a phone's neural processing unit (NPU), a fixed-length migration for the 4B upgrade…