From White Canes to Edge AI: A Survey of Assistive Navigation Technologies for Blind and Low-Vision Individuals

Abtin Zandi, Arian Ashrafi, Sarvin Nami, Seyed Sina Negahban, Amirabbas Entezari +6

Independent mobility is a foundational requirement for the autonomy of blind and low-vision (BLV) individuals, yet the assistive technologies that support it have historically evolved slowly. This survey systematically reviews 108 peer-reviewed studies published between 2008 and 2026, organizing the field into four technological eras: (i) a foundational era of passive mechanical aids, namely the white cane and the guide dog; (ii) a hardware era of electronic travel aids built on ultrasonic, infrared, and satellite positioning sensors that alert users to proximity but lack semantic understanding; (iii) a deep learning era in which convolutional and transformer-based detectors introduced context-aware scene understanding, initially tethered to cloud infrastructure; and (iv) a contemporary edge-native era defined by model compression, quantization, hardware acceleration, and multi-sensor fusion that relocate intelligence onto resource-constrained wearable and mobile devices. For each era we analyze representative systems, sensing modalities, computational architectures, and reported performance, and we consolidate the field's model-optimization techniques into a single technical…