Robust Remote ECG Monitoring under Energy Constraints: Anomaly Filtering versus Predictive Uncertainty

Mustafa Fuad Rifet Ibrahim, Maurice Meijer, Alexander Schlaefer, Peer Stelldinger

Machine learning for remote electrocardiogram monitoring must handle noise and diseases absent from training under tight resource constraints. We investigate whether upstream unsupervised anomaly detection can improve monitoring decisions more efficiently than classifier-derived uncertainty. We evaluate five detectors on PTB-XL and BUT QDB and compare a two-stage filter-classifier system with Monte Carlo Dropout and deep ensembles under unseen-disease and noise conditions. Performance is averaged over five training seeds. We measure single-pass energy, latency, and graph memory on a microcontroller's central processing unit (CPU) and neural processing unit (NPU). Per-score neural network costs account for repeated evaluations but exclude scoring outside deployed graphs. Energy equations relate filtering and rejection to avoided classifier execution. Across four disease scenarios, Deep Support Vector Data Description (Deep SVDD) achieves the highest mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve within all tested finite CPU energy budgets. On the NPU, it leads at 1 mJ, while Monte Carlo Dropout has slightly higher means at 10 and 100 mJ. With a narrow CPU classifier,…